Saturday, December 28, 2019

Why Business Law Is Contracts - 2328 Words

There are a broad range of categories and topics when it comes to the laws of business. One of the main topics that we encounter when studying business law is contracts. According to our text, â€Å"A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more people.† (Rogers, 2012). As adults contract laws are something we should engage in learning about because it is likely we will enter into one at some point in our adult lives. Business law will also help us identify the several different types of contracts and the steps that both parties must follow before any contract can be legal. There are many different types of contracts an individual can consider. These include expressed, implied, bilateral, unilateral, simple, formal and quasi contracts. According to Rogers, 2012 express contracts are â€Å"formed by the express language of the parties—the actual words they use in their agreement—and can be either written or oral.† Express contracts do not have to be in writing and contain the offer, acceptance and consideration elements of a contract. These contracts are normally compared to implied contracts. Rogers, 2012 states that implied contacts are â€Å"formed not by the express words of the parties, but rather by their actions.† With these contracts the agreement is implied by actions. There are no expressed words within an implied contract and can be either implied in fact or in law. If the contract results in inequity or harm it will not be implied. If there isShow MoreRelatedWhy Law Has A Bigger Impact On Business Than Contract Law1826 Words   |  8 PagesFew areas of law have a bigger impact on business than contract law. When people conduct commerce of any kind they generally want to have legal protection to ensure that the other party will deliver, that’s where contracts come in. First we will discuss the elements of a contract, and why contracts are important in business. Then, court cases will be examined to display the importance of the elements of a contract. Finally we will discuss why the layman has a general fear of contracts, and some remediesRead M oreEssay on Why Are Quasi-Contracts Needed?638 Words   |  3 PagesBAM 521 –Business Law Unit Two – Question # 3 3/16/2012 Question #3: Why are quasi-contracts needed? Why is it not better to just say that unless parties express or impliedly make a contract, there is no deal? The term quasi-contract is a more accurate designation of contracts implied in law. Implied contracts are as binding as express contracts. An implied contract depends on substance for its existence. Therefore, for an implied contract to arise, there must be some act or conduct of aRead MoreBus 311 Business Law Entire Course Material1611 Words   |  7 PagesBUS 311 Business Law Entire Course Material Follow the link below to purchase http://www.homeworkarena.com/bus-311-business-law-entire-course-material    Visit Website: http://www.homeworkarena.com/ Please contact us for more Tutorial amp; Help (climaxbegin@gmail.com) BUS 311 Week 1 DQ 1 Applying the Law to a Set of Facts    Applying the Law to a Set of Facts.  Read the Hypothetical Case Problem #1 at the end of Chapter 1 and respond to these questions 1. If Javier sued Energy-AutoRead MoreBusiness Entities Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Business Entities Jessica Perez BUS 311 Business Law Instructor: Janet Fiorentino 12/1/2014 As the manager of Acme Fireworks, I need to gather information to help the owner determine whether or not he should continue to be a sole proprietorship or if he should switch to another business entity. I will help him do so by explaining each entity and how they relate to his business situation. I am the manager of Acme Fireworks, a fireworks retailer who sells fireworks, puts on ground displayRead MoreBusiness Ethics and the Role of the Corporation Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Ethics and the Role of the Corporation The problem to be investigated is the ethical role that the corporation has when balancing internal strategies with external responsibilities. Dr. Novak explains various responsibilities a business has in his article â€Å"Business Ethics and the Role of the Corporation†. This paper will first discuss why Dr. Novak has two sets of responsibilities in his article on business ethics. Next it will explain what Dr. Novak says about the rule of law andRead MoreAn Introduction With A Thesis Statement1064 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment D. Josh Rhoderick BUS311: Business Law I Instructor: Daniel Malvin Nov 30th , 2015 Final Paper Proposal: Develop an introduction with a thesis statement for the Final Paper: I have been tasked with figuring out if contracts with several large businesses will be governed by common law or the Uniform Commercial Code. Analyze with the owner formed a contract with the businesses, and apply the five essential elements of an enforceable contract. The business is growing, we want to exceed ourRead MoreP4 P5 Contractual terms in a standard form contract 20141355 Words   |  6 PagesContractual terms in a standard form contract and the impact of statutes on these terms P4: Describe the meaning of terms. P5:Explain the effect of terms. Task Using the Vodafone contract prepare a briefing sheet describing how statutes affect contractual terms. ï  ½ You should include the following: ï  ½ A description of express terms ï  ½ A description of implied terms ï  ½ Identify and describe the statutes and regulations affecting contractual terms ï  ½ ï  ½ (Remember to illustrate your answer with examplesRead MoreRisk Lawsuits, A Poor Reputation, And Could Face Criminal And / Or Civil Penalties1139 Words   |  5 Pagescompany should be informed of the business laws that pertain to them and have the knowledge of how they can affect them. The owner of the business should not be the only one that is familiar with the laws and the depth of them. The employees should have the knowledge of the laws because they can protect and affect them in many different ways. Business owners should protect themselves and their company by being conscious of the laws and abiding by them as well. Contracts are one of the most importantRead MoreElectronic Codes And Its Effect On A Small Business Entity1659 Words   |  7 Pagesnew employees. ACME Fireworks should expand to a larger business entity because expanding to a larger business entity will allow the company to negotiate larger contracts with other companies, and the company will never reach its full potential until it has expanded to a larger business entity. In the paragraphs that follow I will address the issues such as evaluation of the contracts and decide if they will be governed under the common law rules or the Uniform Commercial Codes (UCC). The paper willRead MoreThe Case Against Martin Motors Inc.1584 Words   |  7 Pagescan be used to determine why the David Smith will be successful in the lawsuit against Martin Motors Inc. To begin, In order for a contract to be valid, it must meet the following elements of a contract: Mutual assent, consideration, legal purpose and capacity. First the definition â€Å"Mutual Accent† according to Smith and Roberson’s business law 16th edition (pg 174) â€Å"The parties to a contract must manifest by words or conduct that they have agreed to enter into a contract. The usual method of showing

Friday, December 20, 2019

Apple Inc Marketing Plan - 9306 Words

Apple is involved in the design, development and marketing of personal computers (PC) and related software, peripherals, network solutions, portable digital music players, and associated accessories. The company’s portfolio of offerings comprises Mac computing systems, iPods, iPhones, and servers .The company’s software applications include Mac OS,iLife , iWork, and internet applications like Safari and QuickTime, among others. The company mainly operates in the US. It is head quartered in Cupertino, California and employs 32,000 employees. The blue colour in the below figure depicting the iPhone presence around the world. Figure: 1.1 [pic] Source:†¦show more content†¦In case of a weak |$7.96 billion. | |economy the sales is expected to come down. |Results for the period that ended on Mar. 28 were bolstered by | | |sales of the iPhone, especially overseas, and a | | |better-than-forecast margin performance. Strength in Apples | | |handset and music player businesses offset declines in sales of | | |Macintosh computers. | | |Sales was also affected by the disposable income of the consumers.| | |Like in U.S where disposable income is high consumers never | | |reluctant to pay 800 USD to buy a iPhone but in places like India | | |where disposable income is low were reluctant to pay 750 USD , so | | |sales were not so great in India. |Show MoreRelatedApple Inc. Marketing Plan1502 Words   |  7 Pages Apple Inc. Marketing Plan Executive Summary Apple Inc., which was formally known as Apple Computer Inc., is a multinational corporation that designs, develops and sells a wide variety of consumer electronics, personal computers, and computer software. It is located in United States of America California and has its headquarters in Cupertino, California. Among its adequately known hardware, products in the market industry are; iPhone Smartphone, iPad tablet computer, and iPod music player among manyRead MoreMarketing Plan of Apple Inc2585 Words   |  10 PagesMarketing Plan Executive Summary This paper comprehensively describes the marketing plan of a charismatic organization Apple Inc. The main focus of the paper is to describe the most important marketing strategies which Apple has espoused from the date of its emergence and different challenges which it has faced from time to time. The paper begins with an introduction to the organization. Apple Inc. is an American MNC; engaged in the business of developing and marketing of IT products. Apple hasRead MoreMarketing Plan for Apple Inc996 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing Plan for Apple Inc Introduction Apple Inc. designs, manufactures, and sells personal computers, computer accessories and computer related software. The company also offers peripherals, networking solutions and other related services. Additionally, Apple computers designs, builds, and markets a wide array of portable digital music players, telecommunication devices alongside related accessories and services (Cameron Quinn 2011, p 288). Apple Inc owes its recent successRead MoreMarketing Plan For Apple Inc1619 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary This marketing plan focuses on the iPhone 7, produced by Apple, Inc, #3. Apple, Inc was founded in 1976 by innovators Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniack, and Ronald Wayne. It was originally named Apple Computer, Inc as the original intent was to make personal computers. The current name, Apple Inc was incorporated in 2007 as the company moved more toward personal electronics. The current CEO is Tim Cook. Mr. Cook took over Apple, Inc. after Steve Jobs passed away. According to Apple’sRead MoreMarketing Plan For Apple Inc.2507 Words   |  11 PagesStudents’ average monthly expenditure on their essentials is 65% of their monthly income (Mintel, 2014). In these few years, there has been a rise of national companies giving student discounts and offers for their products or services. For example, Apple Inc. offers student discounts for their gadgets. Student Beans Ltd. is a website that features discount codes and special offers from United Kingdom’s top companies. In addition, it is only available for students. In 2005, James and Mike Eder in BirminghamRead MoreMarketing Plan For Apple Inc. Essay2126 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Founded in 1976, Apple Inc. has been largely successful and has experienced incredible expansion in its history. Starting with the production of the PC in the 70s, Apple became the most valuable company in the world in 2012. Apple Inc. went through extensive renovation, after the company introduced IPod with its ITunes Store that served like a digital marketplace and offered consumers access to musical collections at reasonable prices. In addition, Apple introduced IPhone with its AppRead Morenone Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Marketing Mix Marketing mix is when the right product is put in the right place, at the right time, and at the right price. When an organization or company creates a product that attracts individuals and put it on sale or offer it to individuals it should may be place at a price in which it matches the value of the product and is worth what the consumers or individuals get out of it. The 4 Ps of marketing and the marketing mix are sometimes used as synonyms for one another because they are closeRead MoreContingency Plan1552 Words   |  7 PagesControls, and Contingency Plan Tonya Starks STR/581 December 8, 2014 Instructor: Braford James Abstract Apple Inc. is a global innovator of the MacBook, tablets, iPhones, iPods, and other innovative products. Apple is the leader in the electronic market sector for innovative product growth and development. The implementation plan will explain the strategic controls and contingency plan for the organization along with an implementation process. This will allow Apple to assess risks and financialRead MoreApple Inc. and Product (Red) Marketing Partnership Report Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesMarketing Report - The Marketing Mix Introduction Apple Inc. is an American global organisation that designs and sells consumer electronics, computer software and personal computers. Examples of Apple Inc.s products include the iMac, iPod, the OS X operating system, and the iTunes media browser. (RED) is an AIDS charity whos aim is to raise awareness and funding to help eliminate AIDS in Africa. To help achieve their aim Product (RED) was introduced, which is a brand licensed to partner companiesRe ad MoreApple Inc. Implementation Plan1615 Words   |  6 PagesApple Inc. is a leading worldwide retailer of computers, tablets, cell telephones, and other entertainment items. Apple needs new development techniques, product development and a leader in the mobile market. The implementation plan below will show the group of action best suited for the corporation along with the implementation process, assessed risks and financial projections used as the basis for moving the business before. Implementation Plan Apple Inc. is in a transition period, after

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Consumer Adoption of Mobile Payments †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Adoption of Mobile Payments. Answer: Introduction: Cashless payment through mobile does not mean a complete ending of physical mode of payment. However, it rather means a reduction in the physical mode of payment. Singapore is a highly active country when it comes to technology and innovation; however, it has somehow not shown the thirst which was required for considering the adoption of mobile payment[1]. On the other hand, China is a leading country in terms of using the cashless payment[2]. Interestingly, other developing nations such as Nigeria have shown their interest in the cashless payment[3]. The main purpose of this assignment is to analyze the opportunities and the challenges, which are there in the cashless payment system. The literature review tries to show the prospect of cashless payment in Singapore. There are some reasons, which have discouraged the country from going cashless. Some of the reasons that might be the causes behind a slow approach towards a cashless payment are as follows[4]: Limited trust on the electronic devices that facilitates cashless payment Absence of a regulatory framework, which could enhance the payment security and could innovate various things to make it more secured user-friendly Absence of systems that are partially interoperable One of the causes that have thus far prevented Singapore from going cashless is the fear to use the service[5]. Customers have fear in them about the payment security. They rely much on the traditional format of payment such as by credit card. The reason is very well supported in a chosen article "Dynamics between the trust transfer process and intention to use mobile payment services: A cross-environment perspective." The article has found two variables such as initial trust and perception of risk in customers, which influence their behavior towards the mobile payment. If they have initially developed trust for the cashless system, they will think of taking the advantages of the cashless system. Additionally, if they have sensed risk in the cashless method they will certainly keep themselves away from the system[6]. The facts that are preventing Singapore from going cashless can also be understood from the example of Nigeria, which is a cash-based economy. The country has prospects for the cashless system, which is also evident in the recent steps of the Central Bank of Nigeria. The Central Bank of Nigeria has implemented the cashless system as they have realized the urgency to balance the rising demand. However, it is still challenging in the country because of following reasons[7]: Lack of acquaintance with the benefits of cashless payment system Associated risks[8] Insufficient trained personnel in major organizations Tendency to be reliant with the existing system People may have resistive nature in them to the new payment method The similar facts can also be supported from the example of cashless system in India. The government has shown their utter interest towards a cashless economy; however, challenges are many too. The country has a very large population of it living in villages in the different states. They have their tendency to remain addicted with the traditional system of cash payment, which according to them is more secured. They have their perception to be resistive towards any innovative system. The fear to move into a new system of any domain has created enough doubts for the success of cashless system in the country[9]. Influencing factors for the adoption of cashless payments- The biggest influencing factor for a cashless payment in Singapore can be its prospects, which it has already delivered to other countries such as China[10]. In China, customers have shown their utter trust on the cashless system. It has been observed from the success of mobile payment in China that the platform should offer something different to what has already been offered by other modes of payment like credit card. Customers will not like going through the same interface as they get during the payment through credit or debit cards. They will rather want a different interface, which could excite their interest level. Indeed, the stakeholders are required to integrate with the existing value chain but need to offer a distinct platform[11]. It has further been observed that there is a need to build up an ecosystem where a co-operative operation will exist[12]. This can be understood from the example of Alipay in China, which has provided an environment where key organizations can come across and initiate the business of partnership to facilitate the success of cashless system in the country. The similar thing has happened in the country as there has been a phenomenal relationship in between the banks and the Alipay. Alipay is a renowned name in the country. It has a large base of followers in the country. It has already operated with a success in the e-payment mode. The status of such kind has helped Alipay to successfully migrate into the mobile payment. Nevertheless, the success has also conveyed a message that there can be the creation of a real trust for mobile payment if the country has online giant like Alipay[13]. It has also been believed that to have an effective development of the national economy, an efficient payment system is immensely required[14]. Payment system is like other infrastructure such as telecommunications, transportation infrastructure and electrical power. It needs to be taken under a continuous development program in order to give it the most secured way. Interestingly, some research works have shown that an increase of 10% in the local payment system contributes in an increment of 1% in the GDP per capita[15]. An efficient payment system will depend to a least degree on the cash system of transaction and henceforth will provide the following benefits[16]: This will increase the velocity of money, which is very important for promoting an economic growth This will reduce the volume of cash that have been kept outside the bank This will bring flexibility in the banking operation and will enable them to offer the most attractive rates to the deprived sectors of the economy This will also reduce the corruption This will also reduce the overall bank charges Benefits from Singapore going cashless The cashless system if it gets implemented in Singapore, this will benefit the country in many ways. This will not only benefit the common public but the public and the private companies will also get benefitted. Following are the list of bodies that will be benefitted from Singapore going cashless: The private and public companies will be free from manual works of reconciling the cash amounts. This is because there will be a reduced flow of cash amounts. The transaction will be significantly replaced by the cashless payment. Surprisingly, the local government has to spend a huge amount of money to secure the cash amounts[17]. In Ireland for example, it costs around 1.4% of the entire Gross National Product in protecting and administrating the cash and cheques both during and after the production[18]. In Singapore, it costs around s$1.50 for the processing of each cheque. Going cashless would simply reduce such expenditures. These are the few ways in which the private and the public companies in Singapore are going to be benefited from Singapore becoming a cashless nation[19]. The implementation of cashless payment in Singapore will provide relief to the legal proceedings. There is always a threat of cash money being looted during a trip to somewhere. This can even happen even under tight security[20]. The implementation of cashless payment will therefore mean a reduction in cash payments. This will further mean that more and more transaction will then be done electronically. Consequently, there will be a reduction in the crime rates. Henceforth, this will be a relieving move for the local police. They will then get reduced numbers of money theft cases. In 2014, a study was conducted in Missouri in the United States on the crime cases after the implementation of electronic transfer system. The study had then found a reduction of 10% in the burglary and assault cases[21]. In Singapore, there will be no such requirement for the hawkers, consumers and the businessman to carry loads of cash amounts. Therefore, the chances of robbery will be reduced. However, the electronic payment is also not entirely secured. There are scammers who do fraudulent activities to theft the money online. In such situations, cyber security measures will be required to impose to protect such fraudulent practices[22]. However, this is understandable that in such cases things will be much controlled because it will just require a cyber security system to be installed. Along with that, this will also require a continuous monitoring from the experts to check whether there is any hacking process on the system[23]. Electronic payments will provide an improved data on the public activities. This will help in identifying the commercial activity. This will also help in improving the urban planning for transportation, housing and energy management as it is confirmed by a research from MasterCard found[24]. Approximately 66% percent of the workers in Singapore receive their payment made through electronic modes. However, many foreign workers those who are working in the marine and the construction sectors still prefer to be paid in cash. If they also transferred to an electronic mode of payment, this will help the country get important data on those workers[25]. Learning from countries having successful take-up rates in cashless payments- China in particular has been benefitted by the mobile payment. The implementation of the mobile payment is because of their reform strategy, which they had earlier started in the year 1978. The mentioned reform strategy did encourage the country to switch over to an open economy. Such a move had flourished many much successes in the past. It continued to do the same. This time the country has shown potentials by going cashless. The climbing progress in technology such as the 3G the 4G network and the incrementing usage of mobile phones have collectively encouraged the initiation of mobile payment in China[26]. The payment system is very secured, fast and reliable. The majority of people who use internet in China prefer shopping through online platform. There are various online platforms in the country such as Alipay, Tenpay, Union Pay, YeePay, China PnR and others. Alipay in particular has further the success of mobile payment in the country. The system has provided a more secured p latform to the Chinese people. This is also believed that payment through mobile is never safe. In such situations, it is really difficult to trust on such platforms. However, Alipay provides the safest platform for online transactions. It does so through two kinds of services such as escrow that helps in absolute safety during the transaction and the flexible payment options that allow freedom to select the payment options. The technical advancement of Alipay has furthered the success of cashless payment in China[27]. Cashless payment system was implemented in developing countries like Nigeria. It was done to fulfill the vision, which states that Nigeria want to be within the top 20 countries by 2020. Consequently, it was believed that cashless system is necessary to be an efficient player of economy. However, the different stakeholders are confused. They are divided on the issues, which are probable with the cashless system. It is therefore necessary that the commercial banks and the other stakeholders take a collaborative step towards the cashless payment. However, they have indeed realized the importance of cashless system for the betterment of existing economy in the country. The thought process in the country might help it succeed in progressing with the cashless payment system[28]. Despite the challenges in the country, it is poised to get the benefits of cashless payment system. They have felt the necessity of cashless system in fulfilling the vision 2020. They have realized that in order t o be one of 20 top economic countries by 2020, it is imperative to adopt the cashless system. There are requirements to resolve the issues such as money laundering, inflation, tax evasion, efficiency in financial statement reporting and poor payment balance. Indeed, cashless system can effectively help in controlling the highlighted issues[29]. The above literature review can be summarized into few findings. It can be summarized into little strength such as the cashless payment system has the potentials to resolve critical issues like money laundering, tax evasion, inflation and inefficient handling of financial statement reporting. However, the expected benefits may cause some adverse reactions as well. The cashless payment system is also not very secured. Fraudsters can act smart and hack the system to get an access to the payment option. It is rather a challenging situation because there will be no clue of where the money has gone. Despite the challenges it has been viewed as a potential option to further the economy of the respective country. China has already been benefitted largely because of the internet use in the country and the success of Alipay. Further research may come from the following areas: Hacking cases during the cash transaction through online Rate of reduction in the identifies issues such as money laundering Change in economy after implementing the cashless payment system in Singapore Bibliography Achor, Princewell N., and Anuforo Robert. "Shifting policy paradigm from cash-based economy to cashless economy: The Nigeria experience."Afro-Asian Journal of Social Sciences4, no. 4 (2013). Aluko, Ayodeji, and Mahmood Bagheri. "The impact of money laundering on economic and financial stability and on political development in developing countries: The case of Nigeria."Journal of Money Laundering Control15, no. 4 (2012): 442-457. Emengini, Steve Emeka. "Cashless economy and financial statement reporting in Nigeria."European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research2, no. 3 (2014): 1-9. challenge.gov.sg. 2017.Challenge.Gov.Sg. https://www.challenge.gov.sg/print/cover-story/the-benefits-of-going-cashless. Chavan, Jayshree. "Internet banking-Benefits and challenges in an emerging economy."International Journal of Research in Business Management1, no. 1 (2013): 19-26. "Going Cashless In Singapore Challenging But Not Impossible". 2017.The New Paper. https://www.tnp.sg/news/singapore/going-cashless-singapore-challenging-not-impossible. Guo, Jie, Jie Guo, Harry Bouwman, and Harry Bouwman. "An ecosystem view on third party mobile payment providers: a case study of Alipay wallet."info18, no. 5 (2016): 56-78. Hedman, Jonas, and Stefan Henningsson. "The new normal: Market cooperation in the mobile payments ecosystem."Electronic Commerce Research and Applications14, no. 5 (2015): 305-318. Jumoke, Soyemi, Soyemi Babajide Olugbenga, and Hammed Mudasiru. "Nigeria Cashless Culture: The Open Issues."Int. j. eng. sci4, no. 4 (2015): 51-56. Kajdi, Lszl. "A Western Diet with Chinese SpicesThe Specificities of Payments in China."Financial and Economic Review16, no. Sepcial Issue (2017): 140-169. Kshetri, Nir. "Cybercrime and cyber-security issues associated with China: some economic and institutional considerations."Electronic Commerce Research13, no. 1 (2013): 41-69. Liu, Rongbing. "The Role of Alipay in China."Nijmegen. Radboud University(2015). Lu, Yaobin, Shuiqing Yang, Patrick YK Chau, and Yuzhi Cao. "Dynamics between the trust transfer process and intention to use mobile payment services: A cross-environment perspective."Information Management48, no. 8 (2011): 393-403. Nordio, Margherita. "Underground banking and money laundering: focus on China." (2016). Odior, Ernest Simeon, and Fadiya Bamidele Banuso. "Cashless banking in Nigeria: Challenges, benefits and policy implications."European Scientific Journal, ESJ8, no. 12 (2012). Oladejo, Morufu, and Taibat Akanbi. "Bankers perceptions of electronic banking in Nigeria: A review of post consolidation experience."Research Journal of Finance and Accounting3, no. 2 (2012): 1-11. Oliveira, Tiago, Manoj Thomas, Goncalo Baptista, and Filipe Campos. "Mobile payment: Understanding the determinants of customer adoption and intention to recommend the technology."Computers in Human Behavior61 (2016): 404-414. Prakasam, Silvester. "Evolution of E-payments in Public TransportSingapores Experience."JOURNEYS3 (2009): 53-61. Reaves, Bradley, Nolen Scaife, Adam M. Bates, Patrick Traynor, and Kevin RB Butler. "Mo (bile) Money, Mo (bile) Problems: Analysis of Branchless Banking Applications in the Developing World." InUSENIX Security Symposium, pp. 17-32. 2015. Richet, Jean-Loup. "Laundering Money Online: a review of cybercriminals methods."arXiv preprint arXiv:1310.2368(2013). Schneider, A., and C. M. Mertes. "Expansion and growth in Chinese cities, 19782010."Environmental Research Letters9, no. 2 (2014): 024008. The New Paper. (2017).Going cashless in Singapore challenging but not impossible. [online] Available at: https://www.tnp.sg/news/singapore/going-cashless-singapore-challenging-not-impossible [Accessed 6 Nov. 2017]. Warke, Prashant S., and Prajakta R. Patil. "An Empirical Study on Challenges Opportunities in Indian Economy towards Cashless Enigma."International Journal of Advanced Electronics and Communication Systems6, no. 6 (2017). Yang, Shuiqing, Yaobin Lu, Sumeet Gupta, Yuzhi Cao, and Rui Zhang. "Mobile payment services adoption across time: An empirical study of the effects of behavioral beliefs, social influences, and personal traits."Computers in Human Behavior28, no. 1 (2012): 129-142. Yaqub, J. O., H. T. Bello, I. A. Adenuga, and M. O. Ogundeji. "The cashless policy in Nigeria: prospects and challenges."International Journal of Humanities and Social Science3, no. 3 (2013): 200-212. Zhong, Junying, Amandeep Dhir, Marko Nieminen, Matti Hmlinen, and Juha Laine. "Exploring consumer adoption of mobile payments in China." InProceedings of International Conference on Making Sense of Converging Media, p. 318. ACM, 2013.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Health and Hygiene free essay sample

The word technology refers to the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include construction technology, medical technology, and information technology. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. We will write a custom essay sample on Health and Hygiene or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including todays global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Planet Earth and its environment. The distinction between science, engineering and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method. Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety. The 20th century brought a host of innovations. In physics, the discovery of nuclear fission has led to both nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Through our modern day miracles of science we are able to appreciate that which is truly an incredible era of advanced erudition and self-sufficiency. Because of the advantages of modern day technology, we are allowed the unique benefit of looking back on what was and comparing it with what is and what could be. Technology is no longer seen as a barrier, but as a breakthrough. Bringing fresh insight and offering better jobs to those who are willing to take a step towards the future. .

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Research Methodology free essay sample

The term research refers to the systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis , collecting the facts or data , analyzing the facts and reaching the certain conclusions either in the form of solutions toward the concerned problems or in certain generalizations for some theoretical formulations It is actually a voyage of discovery Research Purposes To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into the object-( termed a exploratory or formulative research studies) To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual , situation or a group- termed as descriptive research studies. To determine the frequency with which something occur s or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are knows a s diagnostic research studies To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies r known as hypothesis-testing research studies Significance of Research In the field of applied economics whether related to business or to the country as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methodology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page – increasingly complex nature of business , as an aid to economic policy both for government and business. Provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system- govt. budgets, basis for policy development Special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry . operational research, marketing research. and along with motivational research is considered crucial that results in business decision making. Equally important for social scientists in studying social relationships and seeking answer to the various social problem. Basic Types of Research Descriptive vs. Analytical: Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-findings enquiries of different kinds for the purpose of description of the state of affairs as it exist at present. Case Ref: HRM Practice in Grameen Phone for Employee Retention On the other hand Analytical research use facts or information that already available , and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material. Case Ref: Performance Measurement or business and its activity. Applied vs. Fundamental: Applied research aims at finding a solution for and immediate problem facing a society or an industry or business. , Case Ref: Applied research in complex accounting and reporting issue Where as fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory. Case Ref. Educational Research Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Quantitative research based on the measurement of quantity or amount. Case Ref. Population Survey or CENSUS Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i. e. . Relating to or involving quality or kind ex. Case Ref. Population Survey, Human behavior or job satisfactions. Concept vs. Empirical: Conceptual research is related to some abstract ideas or reinterpret existing ones. Case Ref. New Product / Business Development On the other hand Empirical research relies on experience or observation alone Case Ref. Empirical Inquires and Investigation on various case Study. Others Research: Field research, laboratory research, historical research etc. Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically, where we study the various steps or that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying the problem along with logic behind them. The researcher should know not only the methods/technique but also the methodology. Researcher not only need to know how to develop certain indices or tests, how to calculate the mean, median, mode, SD but they also need to know which of these methods or techniques are relevant and which area not, and what would be mean and indicate to take decision / action under certain criteria/assumption or standard. All this means that are necessary for the researcher to design his methodology for his problem as the same may differ from problem to problem Scope of Research Methodology The scope of research methodologies includes research methods and the logic behinds the methods we use in the context of our research study and explain why we are using a particular method or technique and why we are not using others so that research results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher himself or by others. Why a research study has been undertaken? How the research problem has been defined? In what way and why the hypothesis has been formulated ? What data have been collected and why particular method has been adopted, what particular technique is used n similar other questions are usually answered when we talk of research methodology concerning a research problem or study ? Qualities of Good Research Good research is systematic : that is structured with specified steps in a sequence as defined set of rules. Good research is logical: that is logical reasoning and logical process or great value in carrying out research. Logical research makes research more meaningful in the context of decision making. Good research is Empirical: related to one or more aspects of a real situation and deals with concrete data for external validity purpose. Good research is Replicable: Research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby a sound basis for decision. PROBLEM FACED IN RESEARCH lack of scientific training in the methodology of research Insufficient interaction between the university research departments Lack of confidence on researcher due to misuse of core information Researcher studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often for want of adequate information. There doesn’t exist a code of conduct for researchers and inter-university and inter departmental rivalries are also quite common. Lack of adequate and timely secretarial assistance There is also the difficulty of timely available of published data from various government and other agencies. Case Ref: HRM Practice in Grameen Phone for Employee Retention Problem Statement strong competition in Business (Inter/Nationally) especially cause of scarce high education talent, and makes employee retention a significant move in keeping competitive Edge. Employee retention refers to policies and practices companies use to prevent valuable employees from leaving their job An effective human resource management practices namely employee empowerment, training and development, appraisal system compensation are the main factor for the success of a firm on employee retention Quantitative data was collected using the non probability self administered questionnaire that consist of questions with 5-points Likert scales distributed to our samples of 278 individuals. By using a Multiple Regression Analysis, it is found that, training and development, appraisal system, compensation package are significant to employee retention except employee empowerment Employees are the backbone of an organization. Hence, the retention of the employees is important in keeping the organization on track. In order to retain the best talents, strategies aimed at satisfying employee’s needs are implemented, regardless of global companies or small-sized firms. Hypothesis Of Study Employee Training H0: There is no significant relationship between employee training and employee retention. H1: There is significant relationship between employee training and employee retention. Appraisal System H0: There is no significant relationship between appraisal system and employee retention. H1: There is significant relationship between appraisal system and employee retention. Employee Compensation H0: There is no significant relationship between employee compensation and employee retention. H1: There is significant relationship between employee compensation and employee retention. Employee Empowerment H0: There is no significant relationship between employee empowerment and employee retention. H1: There is significant relationship between employee empowerment and employee retention. According to the model summary above, the R square value had gain 0. 680, which is 68 percent. These mean that 68% of dependent variable of retention can be explained by it 4 independent variable. The independent variable refer to include employee empowerment, compensation, training and appraisal system in this research, it will conclude that 32% (100% 68%) of dependent variable of retention is explained by other potential factors. The value of adjusted R square with value of 0. 463 which 46. 3% represented the significant contribution of the 4 independent variable toward dependent variable. Table ANOVA Model Summary Table at above determine satisfactory result as the significance level of the model is not over or smaller than 0. 05. Thus, model that used in this research is good. Multiple Regression Analysis Table . Multiple Regression Coefficient Multiple Regression equation: Y= C + ? X1 + ? X2 + ? X3 +†¦.. + ? Xn Y= Prediction relationship of types of variables toward retention. C= Constant value. ?= Unstandardized coefficient. X= Dimension of independent variable (employee empowerment, compensation, training and appraisal system). Based on the above table, we able to derive the following equation: Y= 0. 577 + 0. 047X1 + 0. 413X2 + 0. 155X3 + 0. 262X4 This can be interpreted that the increase of 1 unit of employee empowerment (X1) may incur the raise of 0. 047 units in retention (Y). However, for the independent variable of compensation, every 1 unit of increase will incur the raise of 0. 413 units in dependentvariable, retention. On the others hand, 1 unit increase in training may cause 0. 155 units of retention to increase. Finally, appraisal variable also have a constant relation with retention, it is every 1 unit increase in appraisal with incur the raise of 0. 262 units in retention. The highest beta indicates the independent variable is the most significant variable toward it dependent variable. From the table above, the independent variable of compensation has the highest positive beta of 0. 378, this mean that the independent variable of compensation has contribute the most and has stronger effect toward the retention if compare to others independent variable. Discussions on Major Findings Hypothesis Result Supported H1 : There is significant relationship between employee empowerment and employee retention. r =0. 417 p=0. 454 (p 0. 05) No H2 : There is significant relationship between employee compensation and employee retention. r = 0. 608 p = 0. 00 (p 0. 01) Yes H3 : There is significant relationship between employee training and employee retention. r = 0. 485 p = 0. 013 (p 0. 05) Yes H4 : There is significant relationship between appraisal system and employee retention. r = 0. 579 p = 0. 00 (p 0. 01) Yes The findings found from this study will be particularly useful for top organization to understand how they can do better to improve their employee retention strategy. the study provide empirical evidence that supports all the above independent variables to be significantly affecting the employee retention. As what the study has shown, there are significant relationship between the factors of training, compensation and appraisal on Employee retention. However, the factor of empowerment is not so significantly related to employee retention as founded from this study. This reflects the major finding of this study on how different culture might have different expectation on determining their employment satisfaction and retention.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

How to Write a Research Essay in Criminal Law

How to Write a Research Essay in Criminal Law Law niche is the first school discipline on the globe. One of the areas of Law is Criminal Law. It includes all aspects of punishment, crime, and annulment of punishment. Typically, Criminal Law is divided into two key types, i.e., felonies and misdemeanors. Felony is a serious criminal offense, such as rape, robbery, selling drugs, or murder, while a misdemeanor is a less grave crime that is related to less severe punishment (traffic offense, for instance). Research essays in the field of Criminal Law are usually assigned in many colleges and universities. It is a type of academic essays that makes you analyze the works of the other authors and compare their thoughts and ideas with the ones of yours. A research essay is a well-organized and clearly written project that includes thorough researching source material and meticulously synthesizing what you learn from it using your thoughts and ideas. Throughout the course, you will be required to craft a couple of research essays on a variety of topics. In case you don’t know how to approach the task, make sure to consider the guidance given below. Choosing a Topic The good thing about writing a research essay in Criminal Law is that you are not going to lack interesting ideas for your project in this area. Feel free to choose any crime that a person can potentially commit or punishment that you’d like to investigate, and you will get an excellent issue to research and write about. Here are the niches where you can find hooking and researchable topics: juvenile justice; capital punishment; criminal justice theories; restorative justice; incarceration; classification of criminals; wrongful convictions, and so on. In the case of the research essays on Criminal Law, you are not limited either by country or historical period, but still, you have a limited amount of pages and time for your assignment. Try to compare the same law in different countries, or the changes in the one law throughout the years and your research essay will be 100% winning. Plus, you will stay away from conducting excessive research that will save your precious time. It is important to use real Criminal Law cases when you need to illustrate your point. The reality is that the area is like Mathematics: first, you provide the formula and then ensure to solve a particular problem with it. If the readers have an opportunity to see the real situation where this or that law was used or which caused some changes in the law, they will have a chance to understand why/how it happened. More often than not, a good example provides more help than pages of pointless sentences. Here are some good Criminal Law topics that you may use to get inspired for your research essay: Juvenile Delinquency Crime Prevention; Exotic Crime All over the Globe: The Reasons They Are Considered Exotic There; Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment: Why and When It Can Be Justified; Is the Law on Corporate Manslaughter Fit for Purpose? The International Criminal Court When It Should Come into Play; The Importance of Due Process; Social Control Theory vs. Self-Control Theory; The Christian Burial Case: An Introduction to Judicial and Criminal Procedure; Cannabis Possession of Controlled Drugs and Substances; The Roles of Mass Media in the Case Investigation; Religious Crimes and Religious Laws in Developed and Developing Countries; Psychological Sequelae of Hate-Crime Victimization among Gay, Bisexual, and Lesbian Adults; Miranda Law: The Right to Stay Silent; Terrorism as the Type of Crime in The United States of America; Sexual Harassment in the Workplace or at School; Relationship Between Crime Individuals with Mental Health Illnesses; Human Trafficking, Prostitution, and Slavery: How to World Tries to Eliminate It; Wildlife and Environmental Crimes; Are the Laws Outdated for the Cybercrimes? The Future of the Criminology: How Scientists Help to Investigate Crimes; Quantitative Criminology How It Differs from the Other Niches; Juvenile Justice Juvenile Court: The Key Differences and Similarities; Victories and Failures of Experimental Criminology; Domestic Violence: The Key Difference between the Real Data and Stats; Hate Crime, Violence, and Cultures of Racism; Keep in Mind Your Target Audience It is important to keep in mind who your target audience is. You may be a superb future prosecutor, but if your target audience can’t boast of having that kind of knowledge level, they will definitely get bored too soon. It is important to never mention the law by some unknown names or numbers only. Instead, always make certain to explain in a few words what each term is about and why it is crucial in the niche, even if it takes valuable minutes and pages of your essay. The point here is that your key goal is to make your audience feel like pros; otherwise, your readers are not going to read attentively enough. Unfortunately, Criminal Law is a pretty tricky academic discipline, especially when it comes to getting your readers involved. Make sure to think it over before you give some final touches to your project. Working on the Research Essay Once you have decided on the research essay topic for Criminal Law discipline, do in-depth research on it, and create a well-organized project to share your findings. Make sure to take the following steps in order to get an A+: Step 1. Explore all the theoretical materials related to the issue. The area of Criminal Law is based on many different theories. While some theories provide you with explanations of why people commit crimes, the others are related to how to respond to this or that criminal action. For instance, you might refer to the theory of ideals that involves an account of the values that â€Å"bear upon how people should act, and of all priority relations between the values.† The theoretical materials in Criminal Law niche can help you properly set the research essay context. Step 2. Choose your key methods. Based on the research essay topic that you select, make sure to apply different methods. It is important to mention that in the case with Criminal Law, the procedures are likely to include: Doing surveys: create a questionnaire and receive the necessary details from your targets. Do observations: check how targets tend to behave and what exactly it is that they do in this or that situation. Conduct experiments: provide some motivation and find out how your targets tend to respond to it. Look through case studies: explore your topic by checking police records, court records, medical histories, or real-life stories. Perform Research The topic idea for your research essay in Criminal Law is a question, and your task here is to answer it in your project. For instance, if you write your research essay on ‘Why Do Some Crimes Have Several Different Punishments?’ you have to analyze the data that you found using any of the methods mentioned above. Make sure to learn what the problem or issue is, the reasons why it occurs here and there, as well as what will happen if this or that criminal law is implemented. Use sources like Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Harvard Law Review, or New Criminal Law for more detailed information for your research. It is important to document all the important details. They serve as a solid foundation for your research essay. Document all participants, actions, materials, and equipment that you used to research the issue and come to the results. Write the Research Essay Step by Step Your research essay in Criminal Law should comprise the following segments: intro, method, results, discussion, concluding the section, and references. One of the helpful things that the author of the research essay can do when writing in Criminal Law is to outline the text to provide sections for the key points of the essay. Do this before you start writing so you can visualize how every section of the project will fit together. Besides, this will also enable you to rearrange all essay ingredients to make your text flow logically. An outline of a research essay in Criminal Law can be as general or detailed as you prefer as long as it helps you to get the idea of how to build the essay. While some authors tend to include a couple of sentences under every heading in the outline to create a kind of a short essay, the others are sure that a quick list of topics will do. Do it the way that you’re most comfortable with. For example, if you work on the research topic ‘Contemporary Hate Crimes in the United States of America,’ your outline might look as follows: Introduction The number of hate groups in the US has been rising, partially due to the campaign and presidency of Donald Trump. According to SLPC (Southern Poverty Law Center), in 2016, the total number of hate groups in the United States grew to 917 from 892, just a year earlier. Method Using the case studies method, the combination of witness testimony and reports have been investigated. Results As a result, almost 900 incidents of hate were observed in the ten days after the election. During the first month after the election, 1 094 incidents were counted, and 1 863 incidents were counted between November 9 and March 31. Discussion The effect of hate crimes: Hate crimes have a truly devastating effect on both – the victim and the whole community/society. The history issues: During the history of the United States of America, hate crime laws did not exist until the mid-twentieth century. We need to address those problems today: Hate crimes are still hard to prosecute nowadays. Prosecuting this sort of crimes needs proving the hate or bias of the offender as the key motivation for the crime. Further changes in Criminal Law are needed. Conclusion Unfortunately, prosecuting hate crimes is a hard task for public prosecutors and law enforcement in general. It is important to fashion a particular rule that would allow defendant’s membership evidence in a hate group. This, in turn, would help public prosecutors by enabling relevant evidence to come in for a hare rime at a trial. References Hauslohner, A. (November, 2017). Hate crimes reports are soaring – but we still don’t know how many people are victimized. Washington Post. US Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report: Hate Crime Victimization, 2004-2015, US Department of Justice, (June 2017). German Lopez, Why it’s so hard to prosecute a hate crime, Vox, (May 23, 2017 1:00 pm). EU Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2017). Hate crimes. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice. If you’re lucky to have enough time, make sure to build your outline a couple of days before you begin to write the research essay. It is important to come back to it more than once. Thus, you will have an opportunity to think and see if the parts of your project will work together in the final draft. Feel free to rearrange things in your essay outline as many times as possible if you want to have a structure that your tutor will be satisfied with. Organize your text correspondingly. Provide all the important details. College research essays in Criminal Law should typically be formatted in APA style. In case you do not have any other specific instructions, stick to this formatting style as well. Once you’re done with the work, ensure to re-read, revise, and proofread it carefully.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Meaning of Innovations and Traditions in Chartres Cathedral Essay

Meaning of Innovations and Traditions in Chartres Cathedral - Essay Example The cathedral you see today dates principally from the 13th century, when it was rebuilt with the efforts and contributions of kings, princes, churchmen, and pilgrims from all over Europe. One of the world's greatest high Gothic cathedrals, it was the first to use flying buttresses to support the soaring dimensions within. French sculpture in the 12th century broke into full bloom when the Royal Portal was added. A landmark in Romanesque art, the sculptured bodies is elongated, often stylized, in their long, flowing robes. But the faces are amazingly lifelike, occasionally winking or smiling. In the central tympanum, Christ is shown at the Second Coming, with his descent depicted on the right and his ascent on the left. Before entering, walk around to both the North Portal and the South Portal, each from the 13th century. They depict such biblical scenes as the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden. Inside is a celebrated choir screen; work on it began in the 16th century and lasted until 1714. The niches, 40 in all, contain statues illustrating scenes from the life of the Madonna and Christ: everything from the Massacre of the Innocents to the Coronation of the Virgin. The light from the stained glass covers an expanse of more than 2,500 sq. m. (9,000 sq. ft.), the glass is unlike anything else in the world. The stained glass, most of which dates from the 12th and 13th centuries, was spared in both world wars by painstakingly removing it piece by piece. It's difficult to single out one panel or window above the others, but an exceptional one is the 12th-century Vierge de la Belle Verrire (Our Lady of the Beautiful Window) on the south side. Of course, there are three fiery rose windows. The glass has gemlike richness, with the famous deep Chartres blue predominating. The oldest window is arguably the most beautiful: Notre-Dame de la Belle Verrire (Our Lady of the Lovely Window), in the south choir. The nave, the widest in France, still contains its ancient floor labyrinth, which formed a mobile channel of contemplation for monks. The wooden Notre-Dame du Piller (Virgin of the Pillar), to the left of the choir, dates from the 14th century. The crypt was built over 2 centuries, beginning in the 9th. Enshrined within is Our Lady of the Crypt, a 1976 Madonna that replaced one destroyed during the Revolution. Everywhere vivid color splashes on to the floor from the superb stained glass windows that glow like jewels. Dating from the early 13th century, the glass largely escaped harm during the religious wars of the 16th century; it is said to constitute one of the most complete collections of medieval stained glass in the world. Of the original 186 stained-glass windows, 152 have survived. A very notable window is the Blue Virgin Window (Notre Dame de la Belle Verrire), created in the early 1200s. (James, John, The Master Masons of Chartres) The Royal Portal: The west portal, known as the Royal Portal (Porte Royale), was carved in the 1140s. It has a revolutionary funnel shape that later became widspread. The sculptures and reliefs were modeled on those in the triple west portal at St. Denis, which were mostly destroyed at the Reformation. Decorating the recesses of the Royal Portal are very tall, thin

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Epidermiology process in movie Outbreak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Epidermiology process in movie Outbreak - Essay Example However, it is unknown to many that, the carrier of the virus which is a monkey, was brought to the U.S by a freighter. It is through an under-table bribe by a young man that the monkey escaped being tested for the virus in the animal testing lab. This man then gets infected and the Col. Sams ex-wife, Dr. Keough, who is currently with the CDC, is called to a Boston hospital where the man is admitted, to assist with the situation (Wolfgang, 1995). The doctor soon confirms the death of a young man that has been caused by a virus. At the same time, there was an outbreak of the virus in a little town in California. The concerned organizations then set up a quarantine that would stop the virus from spreading. However, Fords boss, sinister Major-Gen. McClintock has an agenda with this situation, where he wants to use the lethal bug as a bioweapon. At the point where the President wants to order a fuel-air bomb to be dropped in the small town to stop the spread of this virus, Col. Daniel tr ies ways to unravel the plan of McClintock. The process of epidemiology is presented in the movie just from the point when a scientist identifies the virus as Motoba. They then understand the pathogenesis of the disease as well as its infectiousness. The mutations of the virus were then determined and classified. The scientists then work hard with the results of their research to develop a drug that can treat the virus. They then embark on treating the infected people and contain the outbreak in the most effective ways possible to stop further spread of the virus. On epidemiology, the geographic prevalence was first considered. Here, the concentration was on the small town in California where the outbreak was first experienced. This town became the center of focus where people from outside the region were advised not to visit the town at the moment. Similarly, there was no movement outside the town, since that could spread the virus even further.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Cathedral by Raymond Carver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cathedral by Raymond Carver - Essay Example Years before she and the narrator were married, his wife had a job as a reader and helper to Robert. She kept in touch with him by recording her thoughts and feelings onto tapes, a sort of auditory journal, which she would send to Robert on a regular basis. Robert would send tapes to her as well. The narrator feels threatened by this â€Å" I heard my own name in the mouth of this stranger, this blind man I didn’t even know!† While listening to the tape, they were interrupted, and the husband was relieved not to hear any more: â€Å"Maybe it was just as well. I’d heard all I wanted to.† His wife’s suicide attempt is related to Robert, who is a sort of father confessor to her. â€Å"Now this same blind man was coming to sleep in my house† the narrator says. â€Å"Maybe I could take him bowling† he tells his wife. She gets angry and tells her husband that the visit is important to her, and he will be a good host if she loves him. She say s she would do the same for him, but â€Å"you don’t have any friends.† Her husband’s isolation, both actual and spiritual, are shown in this statement. It is also illustrated by his need to party.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Climate Of Lahore And Thermal Comfort Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Of Lahore And Thermal Comfort Environmental Sciences Essay Chapter 2 2.1 Introduction Climate has great effect on building for its electricity consumption and building performance. Energy efficient design requires the consideration of the climate. The overall heating and cooling requirements in the buildings is controlled by climate during summer and winter season. As we have selected our site in Kala Shah Kaku, Punjab and kala shah kaku is located in Lahore region therefore the description of the climatic data of Lahore region is given below. 2.2 Climatic classification: Climate can be classified in terms building design in which the country will be divided into five zones in such a way that the difference of climate from zone to zone can be seen in the building design, gauranting some special provision for each zone. Based on these criteria, there are five major climatic zones, Hot-dry Hot-humid Cold Temperate Composite Types of climate Typical Characteristics Cold Excessive heat loss for most of the year Minimum Temperature: below -15  °C Temperate Excessive heat lost for part of year Inadequate heat loss for part of year Temperature changes: -30  °C to 30  °C Hot/Dry Overheating for most part of the year Dry air allow evaporation Temperature ranges: -10  °C to 45  °C High radiation Strong Winds Hot/Humid Overheating for most of year Humid air inhibits cooling Temperature often above 20 C Mean relative humidity around 80 % High rainfall in certain months Table 2.1 typical characteristics of different types of climates 2.3 Climatic zones of Pakistan: Pakistan has a wide range of climatic conditions. The Northern and North- Western parts of Pakistan are cooler, the centre of the Punjab is extremely hot and semi-arid, and the Baluchistan is cool and arid whereas the coastal strip is warm and humid. In cold regions, during the winter temperature drops well below the zero. In the desert regions, the maximum temperature remains above 40 °C during most of the summer period; with a peak often approaching 50 °C.The climatic regions have been divided based on various criteria. Fig 2.1 map of climatic zones of Pakistan 2.4 Climate of Lahore Region: Lahore lies 217 meters above sea level and it lies between 31 °15 and 31 °45 North latitude and 74 °1 and 74 °39 East longitude. On the North and West Lahore is bounded by Sheikhupura district, Wagah surrounds Lahore on east, and on the south of Lahore there is Kasur District. The river Ravi flows on the North of Lahore. Lahore city has a total land area of 404km2. The Lahore region comes under the normal composite zone, according to climatic zone map. It lies near the hot dry zone and in summer the wind direction is such that the wind blows northeast towards southwest of the city affecting the climate of Lahore region. The effect of hot dry zone starts from March and remains till September as the wind direction is southwest which means from hot dry zone towards Lahore region. The main features of this season are that the winds blown are hot and full of dust during the daytime but are cooler in night. Throughout the day very strong wind blows. The climate of Lahore region can be divided into the following broad categories: 2.4.1 Hot and dry: Hot and dry weather is found in the months of March and April. In these months the air is dry with the clear sky and no sea breeze to check the excessive heat as the Lahore region is located more than 1000 km from the nearest sea, the temperature rise is sharp. In the mid-March the maximum temperature reaches up to 90 F and till the middle of April temperatures reaches up to 100 F. Due to clear sky, nights are cooler having the average temperature of nearly 65 F (18  °C). The rainfall is very less in this duration. 2.4.2 Very hot and dry: In the months of May and June the weather of Lahore is very hot and dry and the heat is at its peak in these months. In the second week of May, the temperature reaches up to 110 F (43  °C).The heat is oppressive, humidity level is low with very hot and dry wind which is called loo in local language blowing most of the time. The month of June still remains hotter with the temperature sometimes reaching to 119 F (48  °C). However in June due to intense low pressure created by the extreme heat, sometimes some moisture from Arabian Sea finds its way to this region and causes rain which for the brings the temperature down temporarily. 2.4.3 Hot and wet: The months of July to September are rainy. Monson clouds travel from the Bay of Bengal and after traveling about 100 km over India reaches Pakistan and enter Lahore from the South- East. This rain system in these months called Monsoons. This is a regular characteristic of the Punjab, in this country. The weather is cool and pleasant when it rains, otherwise hot and humid. Although the temperature decreases significantly, from nearly 106 F ( 41  °C ) just before the monsoons starts in Lahore to about 95 F ( 35  °C ) but as the monsoon arrives there is the increase in the relative humidity which increases from less than 25% to more than 65%. The high temperature along with the excessive humidity makes the weather very exhausting. Moreover sometimes the rain falls with such an avalanche that it drowns the low lying area and people have to undergo great hardships so this weather is a mixed blessing. 2.4.4 Warm and dry: Warm and dry weather remains in the months of October and November. Since the monsoon stops at the end of September, the weather again becomes dry again but the temperature is considerably less hot this time. The dry continental air remains in the region. The temperature is moderate to warm during days whereas the weather is cooler in nights. The average high temperature is nearly 85 F (29  °C) and at night due to dry air temperatures it can decrease to 53 F (12  °C) especially at the end of October or early November. There is no rain in this season and this season is the driest season as compared to other seasons. This extreme dryness creates a lot of dust and haziness which results in pollution in the environment. 2.4.5 Cool and dry: The most pleasant months of all are December January February in Lahore. This is the most perfect weather of Lahore. The peak high temperature is nearly 68 F (20  °C) and the peak low temperature is nearly 41 F (6  °C). The climate remains cool, refreshing and sunny. However sometimes, a rain bearing system known as western disturbance which has its source in Mediterranean Sea affects the Lahore region and causes rain. But the rain is not so heavy neither it remains for a long duration. So the weather most of the times remains sunny, dry and refreshing. In fact, the climate of Lahore is hot and dry for the maximum period of the year with a short winter period with very refreshing weather. 2.5 Climatic indicators of Lahore: The table below displays average monthly climate indicators in Lahore which is based on 8 years of historical weather readings. Temperature in: Fahrenheit Table 2.2 average monthly climate indicators in Lahore 2.6 Hot dry climate: The hot dry equatorial land lying between the two mean annual isotherms of 68 °F (20 °C) has regions where the temperature during the summer season may reach 43.3 °C or may exceed and the vapor pressure is below 25millibars. 2.6.1 Elements of hot dry climate: 1 Seasonal variation 2 Air temperature 3 Humidity 4 Precipitation 5 Wind 6 Sky conditions and solar radiation 7 Dust storm 2.6.1.1 Seasonal variation: In these regions there are two major seasons; hot season winter Fig 3.2 Monthly averages of the minimum and maximum daily temperatures.  °C/ °F 2.6.1.2 Air temperature: The main features of the climate are temperature remains high during the day 80-130 °F (26.67-54.44 °C) in the summer months along with strong sunlight reflecting pitilessly from light dry and parched earth. There is however a big difference between summer and winter temperatures due to the varying altitude of sun. During winter the day temperature is usually as high as 90 °F (32.22 °C) but the temperature is quite low at nights ,whereas during summer the temperature goes down to 50 °F(10 °C) compared with 70F (21.11C) at night. 2.6.1.3 Humidity: Humidity remains low, Relative humidity varies with the air temperature. It can go below 20% in evening to over 40% at night. V.P fairly steady changing with location and season from about 500-1500 N/m2 2.6.1.4 Precipitation: The amount of rainfall or precipitation is generally noted as the average mm/day or mm/month which provides a beneficial indication regarding seasonal changes. Usually, average maximum rainfall in 24 hours or the average number of days in which a certain amount (in cm.) of rainfall happened is also given. This data is beneficial as an indicator of the rain intensity, which will affect the design of windows, roofs and sewerage etc. July and August are the months in which most rainfall occur, whereas June and September also have some rainy days. For the rest of the year, hardly any rain fall occurs in Lahore. Based on temperatures and precipitation data, during the hot and rainy season it is not advised to go between June and September. The rest of the year is dry with temperate daytime temperatures. Fig 3.3 Precipitation is any kind of water that falls from the sky as part of the weather. 2.6.1.5 Sky conditions and solar radiations: The skies are without clouds for the most of the period of the year where as frequent dust haze and storms occur mostly in the afternoon. Direct solar radiation is severe and is amplified by radiation reflected from the barren and light colored landscape. Fig 3.4 Monthly average numbers of hours of sunshine per day. 2.6.1.6 Wind: Winds are mostly native; they are generally low in the morning however increasing towards afternoon and are maximum in the afternoon, most commonly accompanied by whirlwinds of dust and sand. 2.6.1.7 Dust storms: Dust storms mostly occurs on summer afternoons which is the most intolerable part of the day , when routine winds blow at 15-220 miles per hour. These dust storms also occurs in other parts of the day i.e. in the evening and nights. 2.7 Climatic design of building: Climate has a great effect on building performance and electricity consumption of the building. The process of recognizing, deducing and controlling climatic effects at the building is perhaps the most difficult part of building design. The main objectives of climatic design of building should include: To minimize electricity cost of a building. To take benefit of maximum of natural energy instead of mechanical system and electricity. To provide comfortable and healthy environment for inhabitants. 2.8 Factors affecting climatic design: The native micro-climate and site factors influence the actual environmental conditions of the building. Some important factors related to site should be included while making the climatic analysis: Topography- elevation, slopes, hills and valleys, ground surface conditions. Vegetations height, mass, silhouette, texture, location, growth patterns. Built forms nearby buildings, surface conditions Important thermal design factors which should be considered include: solar heat gain, conduction heat flow and ventilation heat flow. The design variables in architectural terms which are important to be considered are: Shape surface-to-volume ratio; orientation; building height. Building fabric materials and construction; thermal insulation; surface qualities; shading and sun control. Fenestration the size, position and orientation of windows; window glass materials; external and internal shading devices Ventilation air-tightness; outdoor fresh air; cross ventilation and natural ventilation. 2.9 Thermal comfort: There is no approved standard for thermal comfort. This is not astonishing, as people can and do live in a wide range of climates from the equator to high latitudes. An Internationally- accepted definition of thermal comfort, used by ASHRAE, is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment (ISO7330). Perceptions of this environment are influenced by air temperature, radiant temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, activity and clothing. Fig 3.5 achieving comfort in buildings 2.9.1 The comfort zone: The Comfort Zone means the range of temperature conditions of air movement, humidity and exposure to direct radiations, under which a normally clothed person feels comfortable. This will differ for Indoor conditions as compared to Outdoor conditions. This will also vary for different cultures and regions and varying climate conditions. As an Architects we use our buildings to not only create comfortable inside environments, but also aesthetical and beneficial spaces outside our buildings. 2.9.2 Thermal comfort index: A thermal comfort index serves the objective to evaluate the effect of environmental factor on the thermal feeling of inhabitants. Number of methods have been used in the previously to evaluate the thermal comfort level. However it is not possible to gratify every person in a building and a small number of persons are always discontented with the thermal environment due to individual variations. Several efforts have been made to produce a subjective and quantitative way of representing the thermal comfort. Thermal comfort condition in tropical summer conditions is given by Sharma and All at the Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee, India. The ranges and optimum values are given in table. Thermal sensation Range  °C Optimum value  °C Slightly cool 19-25 22 Comfortable 25-30 27.5 Slightly warm 30-34 32 Table 3.3: temperature ranges in different thermal zones 2.9.3 Optimal settings for indoor temperature: Researchers have carried out much research on the most suitable comfort conditions, and have come up with general comfort results like effective warmth, the recent comfort standards set by ASHRAE (American society of heating, refrigerating and air condition engineers) for an individual performing light work are: Thermal comfort conditions: Air temperature 73-77 F Relative humidity below 60 % Mean radiant temp equal to air temperature Air velocity 10-45 ft/min

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Brave New World :: essays research papers

Brave New World After reading the novel Brave New World by Aldus Huxley it is easily realized that it is unlike any other classic story. It predicts a future overpowered by technology and where the people have no religion. The plot of the story made me think if this would be a perfect place to live or a terrible place to live. It is hard to distinguish where the line is drawn between making life simpler and losing the meaning of life. Although some may look upon this type of life with envy I personally would rather have to work harder than to lose myself. The first think that made me dislike the ideas is this book was the fact that the government overpowered the world, causing the loss of freedom. Never having to worry about a job is something most people would appreciate, but at the same time it is not worth losing all freedoms. Freedom is more important to happiness than having needs automatically satisfied. I also feel that religion plays an important role in people's lives. It represents our principles and values. Religion guides us, gives us something to believe in and a set of rules to live by. Mustapha Mond when referring to the Holy Bible says that "they're old; they're about God hundreds of years ago. Not about God Now" (Huxley 237). Mustapha Mond is saying that with the evolution of time the need for religion has disappeared and has been replaced by the worship of another God who is Ford. It is stated that they basically live a fulfilled life, according to a strict set of rules and then they die. But is that really a fulfilled life? Also thanks to their conditioning they do not fear death but accept it as a way of life. That alone is a task that our world still has not been able to accomplish, but if the loss of a life means nothing, wouldn’t that reflect that the life itself meant nothing? In this civilization, the people are isolated from one another, divided into five different classes. In every society there will be invisible classes of people, but to have them so defined is a crime. No one is given the chance to move up and make more of themselves. The members of each class are ranked according to their mental capacity and physical appearance.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Ethical Business Behavior Essay

For this paper I will be discussing Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) using Anglo-American and Primark case studies as examples. First, I will discuss what is meant by ethical business behavior. Second, I will discuss how Anglo-American and Primark apply ethics into their business practices. Third, I will discuss what the costs and benefits are to an organization when they behave ethically. Finally, I will choose one component from Svennson & Woods’ model from â€Å"A Model of Business Ethics†, and discuss how it is relevant for Anglo-American. Ethical Business Behavior Ethical business behavior refers to an organizations actions and policies that are synergetic with â€Å"doing the right thing† (Sethi, 2003). Similar to the inherent laws of society that man has established that promote specific behaviors and actions that are deemed appropriate to build trust and relationships that last, it is similar in corporations. In order to operate ethically, organizations must also establish a clearly defined set of principles and a culture of ethical compliance that builds trust and confidence with their employees and their customers (Paine, 1994). Ethical business behavior is a combination of values and normative ethics, which drive an organization. Additionally, ethical business behavior is expected by society as a whole. Svennson & Woods write, â€Å"Society does have expectations of business and of its business leaders† (Svennson & Woods, 2008). Anglo-American and Primark are two companies that provide great strategies for practicing strong ethical business behaviors. Although both companies are in different industries, the fundamentals of their message of ethical compliance are similar in nature. Anglo American Anglo American, an international mining company operates throughout the world. According to the company, â€Å"It has extensive operations in Africa, where 76% of its employees live. It is also a major employer in Europe and employs nearly 7,000 people in the UK† (Anglo American, 2008). This company  is a major global producer and has an important role in this world economy. With the type of work this company does, and with the countries it operates in it is important for them to conduct their operations in an ethical manner. Anglo American applies corporate social responsibility through building communities in which they operate. According to the company’s ethical statement, â€Å"a long-term business such as ours will only thrive if it also takes into account the needs of other stakeholders such as governments, employees, suppliers, communities and customers.† (Anglo American, 2008) They also are focused on the safety of their employees. Operating in Africa can be dangerous at best and it is the responsibility of Anglo American to ensure its employees are working in a safe environment. The company has contributed to the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights, which sets out principles and practices for ensuring that a company’s need to ensure the security of its employees and operations in volatile countries does not adversely impact upon the local population (Anglo American, 2008). Last, but not least, Anglo American is also dedicated to the environmental issues, combating corruption and promoting revenue transparency. Primark For Primark there business is to produce quality clothing items globally. The company is a part of the Associated British Foods (ABF), a diversified international food, ingredients and retail group. Primark has almost 200 stores across Ireland, the UK, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and Portugal (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). In relation to business ethics, Primark takes a strong position on their belief in their responsibility to be socially responsible and to practice strong ethical business decisions. As a producer of clothing with a global supply chain, Primark interacts with many 3rd party vendors from all across the world. The company has embraced the challenges of ensuring that all of its clothing supply sources come from an ethically driven manufacturing company (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). The company publicly stresses its ethical position in the following statement on its website, â€Å"As an international brand with a global supply chain we have a  responsibility to act ethically. We embrace this responsibility as an opportunity to be a great force for good. Primark is committed to providing the best possible value for our customers, but not at the expense of the people who make our products† (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). In addition, Primark takes many steps to ensure that ethical behavior occurs across its vast organization. As a global manufacturing company, Primark has over 600 major suppliers in over 16 countries, employing over 700,000 employees. Primark stresses the importance of human rights and appropriate employment conditions in all of their supplier locations as part of doing business with them. Primark also has an Ethical Trade Director whose job it is to oversee all global supplier operations and ensure ethical conditions exist in accordance to Primark standards. The Ethical Trade Director manages other ethics managers who are stationed across the globe to monitor all operations activities. Also, Primark is associated with being a member of the Ethical Trading Initiative which is a global network of companies, non government organizations, labor unions, and other organizations that focus on improving the lives of their workers across the globe (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). Primark bases its founding ethical principles on the International Labor Organization’s (ILO) Code, which is an agency in the United Nations that combines representatives from governments, employers, and workers to help form the policies and programs for which they operate. Primark has also established its own corporate code of conduct that has been translated into 26 languages and is used at all locations to stress the importance of human rights, equality, and ethical behavior in the workforce (www.times100.uk.co/Primark). Costs and Benefits To Operating Ethically Every company has costs and benefits associated with doing business. Operating ethically also has its cost and benefits. First, when dealing with costs associated with doing business ethically, it’s important to note that competition must remain fair in order for social responsibility to develop. Friedman (1962, p. 133) contended that, ‘‘†¦ there is one and only one social responsibility of business – to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the  rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition, without deception or fraud†. Benefits of doing ethical business not only benefits the organization, but the customers, communities, and shareholders. In addition to these benefits, a strong ethical program promotes a strong public image, which is very important in today’s business climate. Murray and Vogel (1997) determined that when consumers were aware of the fact that an enterprise had made a great deal of effort to fulfill its social responsibilities, they were much more willing to purchase this enterprise’s products. Mohr and Webb (2005) asserted that an enterprise’s responsible behaviors had positive effects on consumers’ evaluation of this enterprise and their purchasing intention and that an enterprise’s lower level of ethics would significantly reduce this purchasing intention. Another benefit of doing ethical business is that not only it helps the business achieve its objectives of profits and reputation, but also helps manage other departments in the business. A business following ethics will have ethical programs that would identify values and would make sure that organizational behavior is in adherence to those values. This will be very useful for different other programs within the business such as quality management, strategic planning and diversity management (McNamara). Quality management places high importance on certain operating values for example trust among employees, reliability, measurement and feedback (McNamara). If a business has set ethical values the process of quality management will be more reliable and the business will be able to offer better quality to the consumers enhancing its image and increasing its profitability. Moreover ethics management techniques may be useful for managing strategic values such as expanding market share (M cNamara) and will make strategic decisions with utmost care while considering the broader effects. So ethics in business has a broader effect and is not limited to reputation, profits and growth. International Business with Integrity Svennson & Woods’ international business with integrity model from â€Å"A Model of Business Ethics† applies well to Anglo American due to the nature of mining operations in foreign nations and the environmental issues associated. It is expected that multi nationals’ corporations act ethically, not only because it is the right thing to do, but also it is within their power to do so. Svennson & Woods’ (2008) write, â€Å"Citizens of first world societies expect their corporations to display integrity in their international business dealings.† According to Anglo American, one of their goals is to â€Å"mine in ways that minimize environmental impacts is more expensive than extracting resources regardless of impact† (Anglo American, 2008). The Pebble Project in Alaska is a good example of the way that Anglo American takes account of the environment. There was some concerned that the mine could damage fish stocks and wildlife. Therefore, Anglo Am erican consulted widely and through a structured process with local people, politicians, businesses and especially indigenous people. Anglo American has made it clear that it will only seek to proceed with the project if it can be done without damage to the local fisheries (Anglo American, 2008). The environment is a major concern for people and governments around the world. Corporations have immense amount of pressure to produce goods to meet demand, but at the same time they have to be conscience about the environment. Countries around the world have laws governing environmental protection and there are several agencies to protect it. Conclusion To conclude, ethical business behavior is a combination of values and normative ethics, which drive an organization. Corporate social responsibility is important not only because it is the right thing to do, it also affects the stakeholders. Anglo American and Primark are examples of how major corporations can meet shareholder expectations, while conducting operations in an ethical manner. The costs and benefits associated with doing business ethically are important to take into consideration when reviewing ethics policies; however it is better to look at the long term benefits versus the short term costs. References: Anglo American. (2008). Business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Retrieved from http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/new-downloads-pop.php?getFile=cHJpbWFyay9wcmltYXJrXzE1X2Z1bGwucGRm Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and freedom. (p. 133). Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press. Retrieved November 30, 2011 from http://www.hh.se/download/18.70cf2e49129168da0158000103376/2007+Model-of-Business-Ethics.pdf McNamara, C. (n.d.). Complete guide to ethics management: An ethics toolkit for managers. Retrieved from http://managementhelp.org/businessethics/ethics-guide.htm Primark. (2011). Providing consumers with ethically sourced garments. Retrieved from http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/new-downloads-pop.php?getFile=YW5nbG9fYW1lcmljYW4vYW5nbG9fYW1lcmljYW5fMTNfZnVsbC5wZGY Svensson, S., & Woof, S. (2008). A model of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, (77), 303-322: DOI 10.1007/s10551-007-9351-2. Retrieved November 30, 2011 from http://www.hh.se/download/18.70cf2e49129168da0158000103376/2007%2BModel-of-Business-Ethics.pdf Sethi, S. P.: 2003, _Globalization and the Good Corporation: A Need for Proactive Co-existence_, Journal of Business Ethics 43, 21-31. Paine, L. S.: 1994, ‘Managing for Organizational Integrity_, Harvard Business Review March/April, 106-117. Murray, K. B., & Vogel, C. M. (1997). Using a hierarchy of effects approach to gauge the effectiveness of CSR to generate goodwill towards the firm: Financial versus non-financial impacts. Journal of Business Research, 38(2), 141–160. Mohr, L. A., & Webb, D. J. (2005). The effects of corporate social responsibility and price on consumer responses. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 39(1), 121–147.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Making It Personal

Making It Personal Forging links with individuals who have an idea for a story but lack the writing skills to complete the task can be a lucrative income stream for writers. Personal writing support and advice is immensely satisfying and offers regular, immediate payments. I’ve written for several clients who lacked the writing skills to complete important, highly personal writing projects. One was a hilarious woman who would have provided great scope for a fiction writer as the basis for a character in a chic lit novel. She’d been married twice and had stories of romance, mystery and intrigue that made my hair curl. As well as helping with paragraphing, sequencing of her story and considerable editing, I also advised her about laws to protect individuals from slander, and suggested she should be careful making unfounded and serious allegations about former partners, no matter how true they may have been! She paid me $45 per hour for around 20 hours work in total. Another client wanted help to edit his already complete life story. We worked through several chapters at a leisurely pace, both enjoying the relaxed process of editing and discussing his story. He was happy to pay me $50 per hour for editing, consulting and formatting and layout advice. One day the phone rang. It was his son, telling me his father had been diagnosed with cancer and had only weeks to live. The race was on to get the story finished and fast! There was suddenly no time for planning and conferencing – the book had to be finished and printed now. After several late night editing sessions, the book was done and delivered. He read through his life story book on the last day he was able to sit up alone, and enjoyed seeing his project completed. A deadline has never been quite so critical and a project has never felt quite so important as that one. One client wanted help to adapt her African children’s stories for an English speaking audience. She paid me $50 per hour to suggest changes to her stories so they were readable for a young audience and appropriate for the age group. This called on my skills as a writer and also my experience as a teacher. I was able to suggest how to make the stories marketable for an educational audience as well as a general fiction one, and so increase her chances of publication. Personal writing support for private clients is a three-step process. You need to advertise or seek out clients who want to engage your services. This could be through a small ad in a magazine such as ‘The Genealogist’ (Australian) or Family Tree magazine (USA) or in your local or regional paper. Offer a workshop in your local area about writing a life story and spin some free advertorial in the local paper from this. Workshops on life writing are also good sources for finding potential clients. Next, meet with potential clients to discuss their needs and work out a writing plan. Explain your payment requirements, such as an hourly rate or flat fee for a project. Be clear that you will not be the author of the work but you will provide writing advice and consultation. Explain copyright and plagiarism rules and the importance of thinking carefully about anything they publish in a formal sense. Take care when meeting new clients and always consider your personal safety. Lastly, complete the project with regular updates on progress. Establish an easy invoicing arrangement that suits you both, such as direct payments into your bank account or through Paypal or similar.