Sunday, March 31, 2019

Why African Metallurgy Is Important History Essay

Why African Met bothurgy Is Important History EssayMetallurgy is the study of metalwork from all of its aspects. In early(a) words, it is the art of working metals (Darvill 2008, 278). Geologically, Africa is known for its assure supplies of metals. Various kinds of metals, such as fuzz, cast- urge on, sumptuous, tin, uranium, manganese, cobalt, bauxite, and the likes atomic number 18 order al nearly everyplace with place the African continent in m both variant settings geographically (Holl 2000,1). Generally, the study of African metallurgy is historic as metalworking has brought about the bang-up significance that or so of the African continents take over ever experienced in terms of their ethnic and well-disposed development.African metallurgy was give tongue to to brace by and by given life to the Industrial Revolution around 1,500 to 2,000 years past when the Africans living on the Western shores of Lake Victoria, in Tanzania, produced carbon steel (http//ww w.afric besource.com/rasta/sesostris-the-great-the-egyptian-hercules/african-metallurgy-by-nordine-aka-storm/). In the past, about of the metals in Africa were exploited which hence exited in the wage hike of some of the most impressive indigenous African states, while others have been utilised only recently, as participants in the modernization and industrialization of a fistful of countries at the siemensern end of the continent (Holl 2000, 1). An ex hefty of exploitation in metals found during the pre-colonial times in Africa can be seen in the Shaba country of the Congo where slob belt was intensively worked, and too in the attached district of Zambia, along with the gold fields of South Africa and Zimbabwe (Holl 2000, 1). In east Cameroon and the western Central African Republic as nearly as in the Poura region in Burkina-Faso (Kiethega 1983), traditional gold mining was carried out. On the Bauchi plateau, tin mining was set up. Eventually, the renowned Nok Culture was disc everywhereed as a result of the reopening of these mines (Holl 2000, 1). During the periods of Pharaonic, Kushite and later, exploitations were seen at the gold mines from the Red Sea hills and Nubia. In the west at Bure, Galam, Sanakalan, and Bambuk, the gold mines were the key to prosperity of the Ghana and Mali kings. The rise of the Zambezian states in the early second millennium A.D was the result of the early gold mining and craftsmanship as well as the changing patterns of labor in Zimbabwe (Holl 2000, 1).Both entreat and copper working provided a more widespread present of African metallurgy. These particular types of metalworking is suggested to be found almost everywhere in the western, central, eastern and southern parts of the continents. Archaeological, diachronic and ethno-historical information all suggest that the exploitation of these metals was an integral part of the theoretical account of African societies in the past (Holl 2000, 1-2). Archaeologi cal investigations was carried out finishedout inter-tropical Africa over the past three decades and it has resulted in the unearthing of a varied and extensive evidence of early adjure deed (Holl 2000, 2).The introduction of contract working was said to be an important turning point in Old earthly concern history, and this applies specifically in sub-Saharan Africa (Barros 2000, 147). The reason for this was because, in sub-Saharan Africa, beseech working (as well as copper working) technology or tools obtained by means of trade (Miller and van der Merwe 1994, 1) had brought many st 1-using cultures directly into the Metal Age (Barros 2000, 147). As scholars have suggested, this had lead to the increase in food production through more efficient bush clearance, weeding and harvesting, causing uplifteder population densities bigger and more stable village communities increased specialization, trade, and social differentiation and the mien of a settlement hierarchy and more complex forms of political giving medication (Barros 2000, 147).The origins of African iron metallurgy have always been an issue that is often a dispute amongst archaeologists. It was known that the vast scale of the African continents as well as the barriers in the politics and cultures had aro utilise difficulties in the findings of a serious evidence database to dissolve the dispute. constrict was believed to have been the first metal to seem in the archaeological records (Childs and Killick 1993, 320). Radiocarbon dates has shown that the iron smelting furnaces dated to the interval 500-1000 cal. BC in Nigeria, Niger, Tanzania and Rwanda (Childs and Killick 1993, 320). However, these dates were known to have created a further debate on the origins of African ironworking.A few oppositional voices had argued that ironworking has been invented independently in sub-Saharan Africa (Andah 1979 Schmidt and Avery 1983) (Childs et al. 2005, 278). It expertness be viable as the pro cess had originated from the smelting methods which argon already in employ in Africa to make copper. crusade oxides were said to have been used as a soldering aid in the process of smelting copper and with some experimentation, the process so accidentally resulted in iron production, which then developed into iron smelting. In some regions, copper was found to have been smelted first that evidence of it appears to be relatively low, where only the be convert was found. This may be receivable to the inefficient methods of production. near archaeologists had argued that the iron working techniques might have been brought by the fudgeing countries into the continent through diffusion (Okafor 1993, 432). The routes used for this process was suggested to be either running south to west from Meroe on the Nubian Isle (Childs et al. 2005, 278). There argon also some which was believed to have come from Egypt and then the methods scattered from the north to the sub-Saharan Africa. push production took quite a period of time to spread due to the massive size of the African continent which has an extreme geographical mise en scene. This resulted in the suggestions that iron had a various place of birth. The wide distri howeverion of iron ores geologically had meant that the raw materials were readily available resulting in great voltage for multiple origins of production. Archaeological evidence, including production methods used in present Africa, it seemed unlikely that the traditions and techniques could be so diversified for it has all began from one place and one technique (Holl 2000, 9). An example can be seen from a site called the Termit Mountains, in eastern Niger. Copper and iron artefacts were found and they dated back to as far as ca. 1500 BC and the smelting furnaces dated to ca. 800 BC (Childs et al. 2005, 278). There is palliate an ongoing debate on whether these evidences had suggested that the community had imported these objects before pro ducing it themselves, or, it was precisely because the earlier furnaces did not survive the archaeological record instead the artefacts did (Childs et al. 2005, 278). It is also important to bring into consideration that iron working techniques were kept virtually guarded secrets as this factor may influence the period it took for the Africans to be able to require the technique.Iron artefacts found in the field are often the basic evidence of iron production in the archaeological records. These artefacts are often in a corroded condition and at times could be unidentifiable. It is often unreliable to base the origin of the context to that of the artefact as where it has been made might be completely different from where it was made, a possibility that it might be imported. Concrete evidence which are often found for iron production are the used bowling ball of furnaces, and tuyeres and slag from the furnace or forging processes. Bloom and bellows are obsolescent finds. Traces o f mining and beneficiation of iron ore can also be used as archaeological evidence. However, these evidence could only be used if afterward the beneficiation, the ore has proceed to the next production level and mining evidence are often lost as a result of recent iron ore mining. Slag analysis and radiocarbon dating the charcoal which were used to depose up the furnace was used for dating. Metallography and petrographic analysis are carried out on slag and charcoal samples in order to help understand the processes within the furnace (Kense and Okoro 1993, 449-450). reconstruction of the iron smelting technology has been made by archaeologists as part of an important process in understanding the running of the ancient technology and to pose confidence that their impression of the methods used are correct.Apart from iron, copper and governing body were the other metals which were widely utilized in Africa. The more widespread of iron over two copper and brass must have meant th at iron had more favourable properties for different uses. The durability of iron over copper had meant that it was used to make various tools for farming pieces to weaponry. It was also used for sweetening in jewelleries, instruments and impressive pieces of artwork. Coins and currencies of multiple forms were made out of iron, such as the Kisi pennies, a traditional form of iron currency used in West Africa for trading. Kisi pennies are twisted iron rods which range from 30cm to 2m in length. They are suggested to be used in various forms of either marital transactions or simply conveniently shaped for transportation, melting down and reshaping it into other desired object. Africa has many different kinds of iron currencies, often regionally with varying shapes and values. In terms of quantity of use and production, iron had achieved a importantly high figure by comparison to other metals, but, it did not fill in other materials such as stone and wooden tools.Figure 1 shows a 20th century iron West African Kisi centime excavated from Kenema, Sierra Leone(Source http//www.bmagic.org.uk/objects/1995C107)Iron production was recognized as having a great influence over Africa in great regional variation both culturally in trade and expansion, and socially in beliefs and rituals. Evidence for the cultural significance can be seen today as it is still carried out by the present varying African cultures. Ethnographical information has been most useful in the reconstruction of the past events surrounding iron production, but these reconstructions maybe become altered overtime and further influenced by anthropology.In Africa, the Iron Age was mainly based around the agricultural mutation which was driven by the use of iron tools. These iron tools had resulted in high efficient productions on a much larger scales. Fishing hooks, arrow heads and spears were used for hunting. Iron weapons also post effects on warfare. The productions of these items in line with th e other iron goods had helped in stimulating economic activities, and led to the rise of both chiefdoms and states. The processes of producing iron were often controlled by the ironworkers personally, or a central power in larger societies such as states or kingdoms (Barros 2000, 154). Individuals in some societies had resulted as smelters or smiths, who specialize in full one particular skill from the many necessary to the production processes as a result of the demands for iron trade. This may also be possible to have resulted in some tradesmen specializing in iron transportation and trade (Barros 2000, 152). However, the iron production industries did not benefited every African region as some have suffered from environmental problems due to the massive deforestation need for supplying charcoal for fuelling the smelting furnaces (Muhammed 1993, 466). An example of this can be seen from the ecological crisis of the Mema orbit (Holl 2000, 48).Different social status distributes amongst iron smelters and smiths depending on their culture (Radimilahy 1993, 478-483). Some were having low status in the society as a result of the aspects of manual labour and associations with witchcrafts. These can be seen in the Maasai and Tuareg (Childs et al. 2005, 288). Whereas in other cultures, the skills are often hierarchical in the families and these individuals often held higher social status in the community. The communities often depended on these produced materials due to their decent friendship of iron working. They were believed to have strong supernatural powers in some communities as they were seen as highly as the king of chief. An example can be seen from the excavation in Great Lakes, Eastern Africa at the royal tomb of King Rugira, where two iron anvils were place at his head, suggesting importance and powerful significance (Childs et al. 2005, 288). According to some cultures, there are myths built up around the iron smelter who emphasized their god lik e significance.As iron production developed widely crossways the African continent, it had significantly influenced the social rites in terms of beliefs and, particularly, rituals. The process of smelting was often done in isolation, away from the rest of the community. Ironworkers were ritually experts in encouraging good productions and to caution off bad spirits with songs and prayers, giving medicines as well as making sacrifices. The latter are often put in or buried underneath the furnace. An example of this can be seen during the early Iron Age in Tanzania and Rwanda (Schmidt 1997).Some cultures had used iron production as sexual symbolism. Smelting is suggested to be integrated with the fertility of the society, similar to the natural reproduction, production of bloom represented birth and conception. Many strict taboos were known to surround the process. Smelting processes were entirely carried out away from the village by the men. As for the women, any activities of tou ching of the materials or simply just being present could try successful production. Having the men away from the fertile women had been suggested to have reduced the temptations which could other depreciate the smelts productivity. The furnaces are often exaggeratedly decorated to represent an externalise of a woman, or the mother of the bloom (Collett 1993, 507).According to the late C. S. smith (Smith 1981), the founder of historical metallurgy, has always insisted on the fact that metallurgy is above all an intellectual and social activity (Childs and Killick 1993, 33). The African community had used metals and various other materials such as glass, cloth and wood to express their views of the social structure of nature and society, in ways as complex and diverse as the beliefs themselves even the technology of smelting, constrained as it is by the invariant laws of thermodynamics, offers ample scope for the expression of beliefs about the order of things (Childs and Killic k 1993, 33). Numerous African metallurgy scholars have been at the forefront of viewing technology as social process. engineering science is not a monolithic force that is somehow separate from people, but is the product of complex ideology, careful negotiations and manipulations, and the vagaries of local resources (Childs and Killick 1993, 33).As a conclusion, African metallurgy, maybe considered to be of important to study because, not only does it allow a comprehensive range of study of iron production across the African continent, but it also gives an understanding of how it influenced the aspects of archaeology in Africa. Iron production had given birth to extraordinary diversity in Africa which then had created advanced farming methods through tools, deadly warfare and trading of invaluable items and then on influenced the life of the Africans socially, culturally and politically.(2, 791 words)

A Compact Description And Critical Analysis Education Essay

A sign up Description And Critical Analysis Education EssayThe first separate of the assignment depart accommodate description of heed and the importance of leaders deep tidy sum anxiety.According to Daly et al, (2009), stated a autobus is an individual who is prudent for his/her drawforce a motorcoach is nighone who is in charge of wholly the decision making of a work force a jitney is a person that every(prenominal)one goes to with their worrys, and a person that passes on information that is given by senior high schooler authority to the workforce.Rodd (2004), define attention as a average on the job(p) pattern of support, inspiration and reasoning, including systems and administrations. Whereas, Mondy (1992) constitute that the character of management involves works with human, monetary, and physical resources in order to achieve organisational objectives. Mondy (1992) in addition stated that course of studyning, organising, lead-in and controlling were th e four general positions of managements and that all of these four functions were equally important, as the coordination of these planning enables management to operate as a whole.In admission an impelling management skills, it is also crucial for a manager to view effective leadership skills Burns (2004) assert that management skills coffin nail be defined as ones ability to administer a group of individuals in a way that go forth approve them to work together bashfully and in a harmonised way, as this pull up stakes resultant bureau in the attainment of riding horse goals and aspirations. Mullins (2005) spend a penny that effective leadership is one of the some(prenominal) fundamental influences in the development of tonicity serve up for children both effective leadership and management should be amalgamate together in legal transfer affirmation good for young children.Quote states- by Mullins (2003, P291) Leadership vogue is the way in which the functions of l eadership be carried out, the way in which the manager typically be countenances towards members of the group. A manager that used a democratic type of management style within their prospect they ar established that they choose open access policy within the aspect which approve their lags to fulfill with the manager whenever they needful it mickle a forge that the manager leads their module into feeling a part of a team by including them in all of the decision making process of the setting finished staff run intos. Respecting Each Other ensuring staff act as proficient voice models Use of positive language Establish sober affinityships between practitioners and p arnts updated with Policies and procedures hand door policy Encourage turn taking and sharing inadvertence and staff appraisals.The manager support demonstrate by having an open door policy and involving the staff in all the decision making of the setting draws and influenced the staffs to work harder this could be associated, quote suggests, Sadek (1996)s argument which stated that staff encouragement is a considerable task for managers as it is fore closely for the action of the crew.The near part of the assignment will contribute enlightenment in relation to the role and responsibilities of the proterozoic historic period manager.A manager who is established will weigh one of their main duties at the setting ensuring that the children are justguarded and intellectual this is a positive attitude for an early years manager to pay back as gibe to a enquiry carried out, quote stated, by Lunn (1998), most of the nursery managers that were found to be successful leaders in the research were managers who were multiform in the children before their speciality.Nevertheless, it is the office of all individuals in the study system to make sure their surrounding is as safe as possible for their pupils (Directgov 2012). Furthermore, it is the manager position to check they name wellness and rubber eraser rules and regulations and implement within the setting by all staffs by stockly involving and motivating all staffs in all matters concerning health and safety issues with training. Free choice to inform own learning- swear and plan for childrens interests Opportunity for children to explore and the Key person enables the child to feel safe and secure Provide a safe and secure environment reparation observations are carried out and children are provided with indoor and outdoor activities,Quote states-, Watson (1998) that the financial postulate of trainings should be taken vigorously and planned exactly as the maintenance provided to the children.A manager needs to handle the financial matters of the setting reckon is the key factors that finish be threat to the lumber of service being provided to the children. Therefore the manager must ensure that the nurserys budget is being managed correctly as miscalculations of the budget assho le lose a negative impact on the function of the setting as it could result in the nursery non being able to meet some of its goals and objectives.Furthermore, According to Megginson (1992), employees doing what is required from them establishes the effectiveness of the managers management skills. This indicates that the manager must take fully responsibility to ensure that all of the staffs doing what were expected of them a good way is by regularly monitoring the staffs. Preferably, have fitted cameras in every room of the setting and that the images from all of the cameras reflected back to the camera located in the managers office. This system can be positive effects on the function of the setting as the manager have faith for the staffs carried out their duties effectively and accordingly to the fact that they k immature they were under continual surveillance.A excellent convention for a manager to adhere is to keep a ceaseless fiat of the policies and procedures of thei r settings these will enables their employees to understand their roles and responsibilities policies and procedures also grant management to inspire acts without constant management interferences. (Mondy1992).Besides Mullins (2005), suggests that a critical part of the process of management comprehends given a competent attention to the adequate use of resources, in human resources human resources have an important role to play in the success of an organisation. In dispute by, Curtis and OHagen (2003) that it is essential for a manager to ensure that staffs are trained and are appropriately qualified to a trite that will enable them to provide the establishment with the best possible services. The manager must take a full responsibility to employ individuals that are appropriately qualified to work with children He/she must be articulate that when employing staffs they looked for two considerable aspects the first is the person likes children and had some experience working with c hildren and secondly they have the appropriate qualifications.To rise to power, The Childrens Act 1989 states that it is legally the responsibility of professionals to work in partnership with parents (Tassoni 2000). The manager must also ensure and have a good on-going relationship between the parents of the children attending the setting and the staff. As a factor this can be devoted to the quality of service being provided to the children as according to the Livestrong article (2010), both teachers and parents have warmheartedness for the same thing which is the best learning experience and allows a good accessible learning for the children effective communication between the professionals and parents can care to attain this as important information such as childrens likes and dislikes can be shared through the communication and this will be respectable for the function of the setting as the information will help the staffs make believe knowledge of how to handle each indivi dual child.The role and responsibilities of a manager are not only affected by factors within the workforce external factors such as societys attitude, beliefs and values and governing body policies cam also have an impact on the role and responsibilities of a manager.Quote states according to turner (2003) societys attitude, beliefs and valued has gradually changed throughout the period issues concerning young children and families have been high on public agendas. The diminish role in society has provided women with go liberty and this is resulted in more mothers going into education and back to work. This involves a positive impact because the role and responsibilities of an early years manager will have more pupils attending nurseries balancing great more responsibilities for early years managers due to increase of children under their care.The manager also has responsibility to ensure that equal opportunity practices are being carried out within the setting. This can be of various reasons, as an example a preparedness can be located in a multicultural playing area and the children attending the nursery are from a variety of backgrounds. The EYFSs statutory fabric (2010) demonstrates that early years practitioners has fully responsibility to promote positive attitudes to sort and difference and that practitioners also have a duty to focus on each individual childs learning, development and needs. The manager will be required to provide equal opportunity for all children regardless of their race, culture, religion, language or ability and that the centre also positively encouraged all the children to participate in all activities. A well established manager can also strive to help all children feel inclusive and that the cooking must be able to promoting positive recognition, brain, knowledge and celebration of contrastive culture celebrations. Equal opportunities Cultural and ethnic diversity Parents are involved as partners Open door policy for parents to have they say Support from other professionals (agency) when necessary All children and their families are included and valued from assorted backgrounds.The Statutory mannequin for the Early Years Foundation Stage (2011), OFSTED (Office for Standards in Education) is an official government body ensures the responsibility is to inspect schools in England and to hold inspection reports which are meant to be used to improve standards of achievement and quality in education. The manager needs to be knowledge that all of OFSTEDs health and safety policies and procedures are implemented in the provision otherwise as failure of the implementation of these policies and procedures could result in the closure of the provision. In addition the OFSTEDs safeguarding policies are maintained and carried out by the member of the staffs within the setting by constantly emphasising the importance of the rules and regulations of OFSTEDs safeguarding policies this can be maintained throu gh staff meetings regularly endure watching the staff within the setting raising any awareness of any health and safety issues that comes crosswise with all staffs.Nonetheless, OFSTEDs policy in relation to safeguarding in early years education there are some concerns regarding the extent in which childrens safety are met in early years settings quote states- Pugh (2003) argued that there are still concerns over the neglect of childrens health and welfare at the depreciate of their education. Although Pughs argument suggests that there are early years settings that might believe that childrens education is more important than childrens health and safety as overall.A good manager who has a good established for the setting can have a good impact through influence of their provision and their role as manager is from learning and developments requirements of the EYFS (Early Years Foundation Stage). finished daily safety checklists carried out for Health and safety policy fixture fire drills are implemented Safeguarding children policy should be updated on regular basis Designated member of staff responsible for child protection issues or immediate manager Safeguarding children training for staff must be provided conduct policy Adult child ratio observed Accident / incidental forms Rules displayed and adhered in the setting.In accordance to the Department for Education (2012), it is stated that the EYFS is a central part of the governments 10 years child care strategy the EYFS is in charge of placing the curriculum guidance for the foundation stage. The Statutory framework for the EYFS sets standards for the learning, developments and care for children from birth to five nursery managers, school governors and nursery directors are all legally responsible for ensuring that the provisions of their settings meets the learning and developments requirements of the EYFS, that their provisions meets the regulations of the EYFS, and that notes of new and additional re quirements in the Early Years Foundation Stage Statutory Framework are taken down and implemented within their settings.Moreover, according to the Statutory Framework for the EYFS (2011) it is interpreted there are seven areas of learning and developments that are required to shape educational programmed in early years setting, as follows personal, social and emotional developments physical developments and communication and language these leash areas are described as maturity areas in the Framework as they are believed to be the areas that are particularly important for extinguish childrens curio and enthusiasm for learning and also for building childrens capacity to learn and thrive. The Framework also exhibit that early years education providers must also support children in the following four specific areas literacy mathematics understanding the world and indicateive arts and design.The media concept on the BBC News (2000), the subject area child care Strategy was introduced in the UK in 1998 the aim of the Strategy was to arrive at more childcare purposes and helping parents to go back to work by giving them more support. Beaver (2001) established that the aim of the National Childcare Strategy was to ensure good quality, accessible and affordable childcare for children in the UK. The introduction of the National Childcare Strategy has a negative wed impact on the finances of day private settings can have a negative effect on the role of an early years manager in the following case suppose if there can made deductions to be made from the cost of the private settings as a result of less children attending day care centres it would be the managers role and responsibility to figure out a way of cutting down the costs of the provision in a way that will not affect the quality of service being provided to the children.Quote taken Adirondack (1998) cited in Curtis and OHagen (2003) stated no good can be good at every aspects of management an early year s setting manager has a variety of duties to carry out therefore it would be impossible for a manager to be perfect at every activity their whitethorn conduct out. A good provision manager will express and show a good use of their own knowledge and management skills, which can be a good advantage enabling her to be the accomplished manager, however, other managers will experience difficulty at time.To conclude, it can be formed in many of the convincing and vital elements of management issues that has been identified in the essay indicating that there are many factors that needs to be considered when managing a provision. In an early years setting, the primary role of the manager is to be responsible for the organisation of the staff and the resources that will be used to translate the settings vision to providing a high quality service to the children that will be attending the setting.Parent questionnaire are in place Suggestion box Settling in policies and procedures is should b een implemented and staff are made fully aware providing advice and support when necessary, an good example will be a Drop in session and finally meeting the cultural requirements. A well established good manager in early settings needs to be multitasking as this factor is very important. He/she also requires an excellent knowledge of different policy on their provision should be updated regularly. Staff should be trained at all times as required. A manager should be able to solve problem and is able to be a good decision maker and build a strong team.Finally, the managers need to be aware of most government policy Every Child Matters safeguarding Child Protection rules and regulations. Quote suggests Educating a child takes cooperation and involvement from educators, parents, families, and the community. Everyone has heard the saying It takes a village to prink a child. Research has shown the greater the family and community involvement in schools, the greater the students achieve ment (Niemiec, R., Sikorski, M., Walberg, 1999).Words 2693

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Look At What Is Counselling Psychology Essay

Look At What Is counseling Psychology Essay focal point in the broad sense of the term is simply expressing your ideas somewhat how individual arsehole improve their situation. Human beings atomic number 18 endlessly faced with issues that name a degree of anxiety. An obstacle or challenge is presented by slimy choices or circumstances, and a decision mustiness be made approximately how to approach the issue in order to reduce the tension and remedy hope. Everyvirtuoso commences a counsellor for themselves or for others whenever the challenge is presented or arises.Counselling is a principled alliance characterised by the application of one or much psychological theories and a recognised set of communication skills, modified by experience, intuition and other social factors. It may be of very picture or broad duration, take place in an organisational or clubby practice setting and may or may not circuit with practical, medical and other events of face-to-face w elfargon.It is both a distinctive drill undertaken by sight agreeing to occupy the roles of counsellor and guest.The goal in instruction counselling skills is to present ideas in a way that is intentional and that puke be predicted to improve a situation faced by the person. (Daniel Keeran, 2012).2. fashioning guests olfactory perception natural rubber in a counselling sessionThe primary(prenominal) focus of Person Centred counselling is in creating a therapeutic consanguinity surrounded by counsellor and client. The client needs to be able to prattle close whatever they need to, mete out their intimate thoughts and explore sometimes difficult emotional states. For this the client needs to feel able to fully invest the counsellor they need tofeel safe, delivered and that they bequeath not be judged.Thecounsellor contri notwithstandinges at creating the just environment in which a client feels able to look atthemselves and develop a greater arrest of their accep t thoughts, feelings and meanings. The counsellor is not in that respect to analyse the client or give them advice, but instead to be alongside them, keep them and helping them to explore their own issues, with the belief that the client with come to develop their own answers.Paying assistance to r separatelying, greeting and seatingFor counselling to be effective, the counsellor needs to work at building a relationship for equals especially in the early stages where the counsellor might be feeling vulnerable and insecure. Also considering that the client is meeting the counsellor on unfamiliar territory.i.e. The counsellors consulting room. Striving to keep the room neutral is a positive smell the counsellors can take in order to keep the equality bed covering i.e. free from personal belongings such as books and family photographs. (Daniel Kareen, 2010)Greeting the client can be fairly in lineal especially greeting clients with their graduation names, it can polish off cl ients feel comfortable and accepted and introducing yourself by your premier(prenominal) name can break down the barriers. If the client does not feel comfortable, the counsellor can ask the client how they would like to be greeted.construction SAFETYBe aware of helping the client feel safe in counselling If a client is very resistant, not spontaneous to talk, what hes telling us nine times out of ten is that he doesnt feel safe enough to talk nearly whatever he needs to talk about. And so Ill say to him, I esteem if you feel safe enough in this setting to talk about the things that you need to talk about?There are in like manner tribe who say they didnt think of anything deserving talking about. They didnt think anyone wanted to attend because theyve had a history of no personify auditory sense. You can make a watching of that. You could say, So maybe youre saying that what you take in to say is not worth talking about, or you feel other people dont care about what you hold up to say? Id want to hear to a greater extent about that. Id say, hypothecate more(prenominal) about that. Where is that coming from? Whats that about? So reflect that tooshie to them and keep the process passing playTalk more about that.If you have a client who is aware of counselling skills you may engage her in lighter conversation, something thats easier to talk about, something safer. That may be feeding into the defence, though. Its saving her from the difficulty. So what I may be resulting to say is, Maybe youre feeling a little uncomfortable about talking about this right now? Is that accurate? (Candy P. Feeler R. Rocco C, 2003)3. Characteristics of an effective counsellor equitable counsellors are emotionally stableEffective therapists have resolved (or at least(prenominal) are aware of) their own emotional issues. Theyre able to handle the focusing of helping others deal with psychological disorders, without letting their own issues cause problems. beneficial counsellors are Introspective and Self-AwareEffective therapists are aware of how their own culture, education, socioeconomic status, values, and religious beliefs affect their practice and interaction with patients.To have a successful career in psychology, a psychologist must set forth his or her own personal beliefs when working with patients. sizeable counsellors Need well-knit Interpersonal SkillsEffective therapists are comfortable working with distinguishable types of people from all walks of life A psychologist can have introverted spirit traits and still have a successful career in psychology. advantageously written and verbal communication skills are part of strong interpersonal skills.Good counsellors are Tolerant and Open-MindedEffective therapists are turn out to untried research (that may challenge previously held beliefs in psychology) and bare-ass shipway of thinking. A good psychologist must also accept clients who monger or wont work on their psychologi cal disorders or issues.Good psychologists also ensure their clients feel comfortable and safe as theyre unwrap their deepest secrets and most embarrassing problems. A psychologist also has to inspire trust in the process of therapy.Good counsellors are PatientEffective therapists understand that authoritative periods of time can pass before clients are able to make interchanges in life. To have a successful career in psychology, a psychologist must be able to communicate this patience to their clients and their clients familiesGood counsellors are Ethical, Moral, and Law-AbidingEffective therapists understand the ethics in working with patients, and experience the importance of keeping client sessions confidential. Psychologists must understand the difference amid ethics and moralsA psychologist must also understand and work within the state or provincial laws and regulations that control the industry. To have a successful career in psychology, a psychologist has to work with in the boundaries of the law.Good counsellors Believe in Continuing EducationEffective therapists are always learning about new findings in psychological research and new ways to communicate with and help clients. The best psychologists are always thicket up on their own therapeutic skills and people skills theyre also eer expanding their knowledge base.Some of these personality and other traits of good psychologists are innate, but most can be learned and developed over time. Individuals who go into a psychology career with many of these personality traits will frequently find they excel in the field.Good counsellors are Compassionate and affectionatenessEffective therapists are compassionate and can empathize with a clients pain, psychological issues, and other difficulties without judging or making the client feel worse about the problem. (Laurie Pawlikkienlen, 2009)4. Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy Congruence are the counsellors or therapists conditions undeniable to facilitate change. Without these conditions being present a healing relationship cannot path4.1Understanding unconditional positive considerBesides empathy and congruence, unconditional positive regard is one of the most important core conditions in person-centred counselling. All apt counsellors must in that locationfore be able to demonstrate an understanding of this allot confidently.Unconditional positive regard requires that a counsellor su falls any form of personal judgment, and accepts the client, regardless of the content of any disclosure they may have made. A judgment is made in a very piffling amount of time, and overcoming this instant reaction can be difficult for many people. A counsellor however, has undergone specific counselling skills training and is able to succeed this unconditional form of therapeutic support.During one-to-one counselling a client is able to freely express his/her emotions, feelings and thoughts, in a safe, totally confidential envir onment. They are free to explore all thoughts without having to maintain any level of behaviour, and are acceptably able to do so without any reverence of condemnation or reject from the counsellor.4.2Understanding congruenceIt could be called genuineness, realness, or congruence. The more the therapist is himself or herself in the relationship, putting up no victor front or personal facade, the greater is the likelihood that the client will change and grow in a constructive manner. This means that the therapist is openly being the feelings and attitudes that are flowing within at the moment. Thus, there is a close matching, or congruence, between what is being experienced at the gut level, what is present in awareness, and what is expressed to the client. Once the client is case-hardened as an equal communication will start. If the therapist comes across as an authority or an expert the client will start to slew their answers to suit this4.3 There is also empathic understanding . This means that the therapist senses accurately the feelings and personal meanings that the client is experiencing and communicates this understanding to the client. When functioning best, the therapist is so much inside the private world of the other that he or she can clarify not only the meanings of which the client is aware but rase those just below the level of awareness. This kind of sensitive, active listening is passing rare in our lives. We think we listen, but very seldom do we listen with real understanding, true empathy. Yet listening, of this very special kind, is one of the most potent forces for change that I know.Empathy or empathic understanding is the next core condition. This is where the therapist picks up on the feelings of the client and reflects this gumption to the client. This is the process where the therapist can act as a support to the client by making them feel as if the therapist is there experiencing their array of emotions. (The counsellors guide , 2010)5. Importance of self care for the counsellorStress attention / Relaxation TechniquesAn important step inavoiding burnout is having an awareness of helpful ways to manage centering and make for counsellor self-care.Know yourselfIt is important to concede when you feel overwhelmed or distressed. As a professional, it is necessary for you to pay attention to your personal behaviours, corpse rhythm and physical health. Be aware of the differences between stress and burnout and when you should become concerned. If you are unsure about what you are experiencing, wrap up on thelink below for a self-assessment to help you determine whether your behaviours and emotions meet the criteria for compassion fatigue.Thetest can be taken at anytime, andthe information collected will determine how at risk you are for burnout as well as measure whether your feelings about helping others have changed. It is a good idea to complete some form of assessment periodically to ensure you maintai n your balance and care for yourselfin order to set asideexcellent care for your clients.RestingThe adult human corpse requires between 7 to 8 hours of rest for robust health. Sleep deprivation affects the mind and body and can increase stress levels, moodiness and irritation andnegatively impact intellectual alertness and physical energy. At the end of the day, it is essential to find ways to relax and let go. Establish a routine before going to bed and make sure to get enough Deep Sleep, renounceing for mavin rejuvenation. If not enough Deep Sleep is accomplished the body will compensate by shortening other sleep motorbikes, including the REM cycle. If this cycle is shortened, the brain does not have an opportunity to process and integrate emotions, memories and stress from that day, leaving you emotionally deprived.Eating WellGood nutrition fuels the body and interprets the building blocks that help a person handle the stresses of everyday life. Counselling requires conside rable physical and mental energy consuming foods such as fruits and vegetables will ensure you are functioning at the highest level of seaworthiness. With a busy schedule, short lunches, paper work and counselling sessions it is easy to cover meals, eat unhealthy meals or snacks and over-consume caffeinated beverages. These things add little nutritional value, if any, to personal well being. The goal is to consume a equilibrate diet, eating foods from each food group, drinking lots of water and eatingthree balanced meals a day, along with healthy snacks. By eating the proper foods the body is able to restore lost vitamins, minerals and nutrients, an essential part of maintaining your overall health. exercisingExercising improves individual physical fitness and mental well being. During exercise endorphins are released, decreasing stress levels and improving endurance, health, mental clarity and fitness. It is suggested thatindividuals spend 30 minutes a day doing some form of sus tain exercise.Activities such as taking a walk, jogging, riding a bike, fluent or aerobic classes and weight training improve physical fitness and increase energy levels. In addition to the physical benefits, exercise has alsobeen proven to stimulate memory.Relaxing and RenewingOn occasion it is pivotal to do something for yourself. As a counselling professional, you spend your time sympathize with for others. It is vital to remember you must also care for yourself. This can be accomplished by participating in exercises such as yoga, prayer, meditation, Tai chi and reflective writing. These techniques allow you to escape from the busy world and become one with your soul, giving you time to recharge your spirit.Personal CounsellingHaving others to share your thoughts and feelings with can help you maintain a healthy lifestyle. Supervisors and colleagues can provide advice and support through difficult circumstances. It is recommended that helping professionals seek professional c ounselling, as you will continually face subjects or situations which will require you to address unresolved feelings and emotions.ReflectingThink about your life, what is important and what is not. A person rarely gets everything they want. Be careful not to dwell in negativity. The mind is powerful. The more negative our thoughts about things, the more our actions become negativeor more reflective of those thoughts. We behave as we think. study to live a delightful life, doing your best and let the rest take care of itself Strive to do well in all things and be thankful. It is important to remember things could be a whole lot worst, no one is perfect, and as long as there is life, there is another chance.There are a number of exercises that can be used throughout the day to allow you to stop and reflect on things.A good way to sterilise your mind and body for reflection is learning deep breathing exercises and listening to soft music.Time ManagementUse the time you have wisely. It is little to use a calendar and prioritize those things in your life that must be done. Remember, no one can do everything and no matter how hard you try you will never be able to make everyone in your life happy. Commit only to those things you feel passionate about and learn to say no to things that do not fit into your plans and priorities. get up your day, but remain flexible. No matter what our plans include, things willoccur to changethose plans.Being prepared to make necessary adjustments lessens the pressure you may feel. sense of humorLaugh until it hurts. It is difficult to be sad and happy at the kindred time. Laughter releases endorphins, which are responsible forimproving your moodand helping you to relax. Learn to laugh at yourself and find humour in life stressors. Do not take things so seriously that you miss out on the beauty of laughter and the opportunity to see things through a different lens. On occasion, engage in an amusing comedy show or film and alway s keep a book of good jokes on hand. (Steven, C, 2004)

Friday, March 29, 2019

Operations Management At New Belgium Brewing Business Essay

Operations Management At stark naked Belgium Brewing Business EssayIn 1991 after Jeff Lebesch was non able to descend a loan from the bank he started a beer brewing ships caller-up with his wife Kim Jordon is the basement of their home with only when a small capital investment. They delivered their beer in their station wagon. With the benefit they generated their confederation presently outgrew the be servement, and moved to a nonher location in a railroad depot, and at long last in 1995 they built a state of the art custom adeptness which cost $21.5 million. They spent $11.5 million on a 55,000 squargon stand building, and $10 million on pertly equipment. Until 2005 NBBs most makeive sort of advertising has been word of mouth. Indeed before sweet Belgium beers were widely distributed byout conscientious objector, one liquor store ca recitationer in Telluride is purported to grant offered large number gas property if they would free by and pick up untried Be lgium on their way through Ft. Collins. While NBBC has not deviated from its original principles, the methods and sight who operate the brewery have become more formal and professional. Production managers and continuous-improvement experts from extraneous the craft-brewing community have been recruited. As they reshape the manufacturing practices and identify projects with the best returns and highest impact, theyre wakeful not to squelch staff involvement.By starting in thither basement as a small company they were able to contract on the character of the beer rather than the quantity of it. modern Belgium covers that eccentric at the plant is monitored closely. Through the extremity the quality of the inputs as they are alter is examined. Quality assurance is a critical element of the operations management. however it is difficult and a challenge to maintain a consistent product. The quality of the product should never suffer as a result of the coat of the company. Wh en a company is large it is more of the essence(p) than ever that the quality of the product stays the same, because the product is sold to more people. At brisk Belgium the entire process form receiving the hops, to brewing, and bottling is monitored constantly, to insure that the product is at the highest quality. hithertoing though the quality of the inputs change, the quality of the product should not change. They maximize productivity by fully utilizing their technology. bleak Belgium closely monitors the quality at the plant. The modern technology will track to be efficient, high tech, and surroundingsally friendly. implementing a compassionate melodic line model that aims to steward the resources of Earth and nourish its employees, virgin Belgium has as well as been winnerful in maintaining healthy monetarys. They like to say that they are profitable, not in spite of their social and environmental efforts, but because of them. sustainable production is not merely a feel-good effort its a pocket book issue for NBBCs 350 workers After one year of employment with the company, the employees become employee-owners. any employees are considered area leaders, and eachone is responsible for ensuring that the quality remains high. The employees of new(a) Belgium own 43% of the company through their Employee Stock Ownership Plan or ESOP. While giving employees ownership in the company sets the foundation for an active workforce, the real connections occur beyond the Share Statements.The reason for refreshing Belgiums success are the companies Purpose and Core determine Beliefs Coupled with the structure and victuals at the executive take, employee engagement is the key ingredient in exalted Involvement Culture.With their employees connected to the key pleasurections of the melodic line, They solicit ideas from over 300 erratic perspectives.This helps the brewery to operate more intelligently composition recognizing every(prenominal)on es unique gifts.These are the practices they have used to build New Belgiums distinctive culture. New Belgium opens all of the books to it employs and provides financial training so people can understand the business of doing business.At monthly All-Staff meetings they review the financials, and employees have the opportunities to ask doubtfulnesss and provide feedback.Each employee comprises decisions in his or her role that affects New Belgiums profitability, whether it is about a capital enlargement project or leaving a faucet running plot they wash their handwritings.It all adds up.When a employee is connected to the higher purpose of the company and educated on the financial outcomes of their deeds, they are sceptered to make decisions that upbeat the business as a whole. Trusting each other with this level of detail also helps us to feel appreciated, em provide, and ultimately more fulfilled. These practices galvanize coworkers to be engaged in New Belgium, to claim the companys Core Values and Beliefs which call them to honor nature at every turn of the business as their own. What is good for the environment is ultimately good for business. They dont want to get around the faucet running or the lights turned on because it costs money and inbred resources.In addition to the practices which promote High Involvement Culture, they also work to engage employees in environmental stewardship.The first two beers that they produced were racy Tire, and Abbey, which are heretofore sold today. The bracing building will consume an automated, high-speed bottling line which will increase output to 700 bottles a arcminute compared to the 300 bottles a minute. The current production is at 400,000 positions per year, with amplification that is expected to increase up to 800,000 barrels per year. Since 2008, they have opened up distribution in 7 new states Georgia, North Carolina, North Dakota, Indiana, atomic number 16 Carolina, South Dakota, and Tenness ee.Added to their existing states of distribution (Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Tennessee, Washington and Wyoming), New Belgium at one time sells beer in 26 states, but all of this beer is brewed in Fort Collins, Colorado. New Belgium receives numerous e-mails and phone calls everyday inquiring when it will be acquirable elsewhere.In 1995 when the Philanthropy schedule was conceived, they began donating 1 dollar for every barrel of beer produced to non-profit organizations in the communities where they do business.Since its inception, New Belgium Brewing has donated more than $2.5million through our Philanthropy program. There coworkers have also donated many volunteer hours to non-profits organizations in the region. There coworkers are given one hour of (paid time off) for every two hours they volunteer with philanthropic organizations. forefront 2Why is it cru cial to engage employees in ownership to enhance quality and efficiency?In todays economy, brewing fine ale and creating a valued trademark in the agonistic brewing industry is a hard task to achieve. You need to see uniform quality in the countless bottles you produce, have dedicated and unwearying staff to ensure smooth and efficient operations, and always look for wear out methods of fadeing the consumers expectations. New Belgium Brewery understands this, and came up with a simple solution that would ensure all of these points are met. After one year employment at New Belgium, an employees status is upgraded to employee-owner and they are rewarded with company shares.New Belgium realized that the pros of fashioning their employees into owners were countless. The promotion alone insures employees coming into work motivated to do their appoint duties to their full potential, and creates a more productive work environment with everyone pore on meeting the same goals. The in centive macrocosm that if the business does well, their cook up increases. With this incentive, employees will ensure the quality of the beer is exceptional and will strive to exceed standards this helps maintain the companys vision in creating higher quality brews. The employee-owner incentive program used at New Belgium not only gives the company a competitive edge with enhanced quality but also help in employee retention which in turn reduces the costs of hiring and training employees.Now, not only does New Belgium have hard working, dedicated employees, they have a large workforce concentrated on how to improve the business. As secern owners, an employee can bring up any idea on what could make the company sell more, produce more, or in some cases what take to be fixed and how it could be done. It wouldnt matter what department you are in, if you had an progressive idea on how to help the company, you have the ability to voice your ideas to superior management. For exampl e, if they produce new ale with a full smooth taste however is somehow not selling as very much as it should the market team could have overlooked the fact that their ales label could be false for a crude picture, employees who have no knowledge of marketing could set up a meeting and bring light to the marketing stagger as the probable cause for lack of sales.We believe in that respect is still one additional reason why New Belgium has made this decision. A major problem companies have is creating an integrated workforce where the issues and concerns employees have whitethorn not be correctly handled. New Belgium has ensured the safety of the companys business and the gratification of employees by introducing employee-owners. It also thwarted the possibility of added costs from employees who would have to use walk-outs or union representation to be heard by their managers.The question most businesses ask is why should you give employees partial ownership? tho New Belgium p roves that it should be, why would you cripple your business by not?Question 3What does alternatively em actored mean to you?After reviewing the information provided by the New Belgium Brewery website, I have come to view alternatively empowered as a doer of giving back to the environment b y stressing conservation and including environmental responsibility in the strategic preparation process. In todays modern industrial society, companies who plow bigger usually do so at the cost of the environment, because in most cases as companies grow the costs related to environmental stewardship increases as well. On the other hand New Belgium Breweries continues to expand at an impressive pace their ranking in the US Beer industry has been getting better and better as they age, musical composition their growth has been ahead by at least 1% in comparison to other craft brewing companies in the industry, all the succession keeping their carbon footprint at a low. This is what being alter natively empowered means.Comment on what New Belgium Beliefs are related to being Environmental Stewards.The New Belgium Beliefs are eight guidelines that define what environmental stewardship means to the company. More specifically in terms of what New Belgium believes it has to do as a company to considered environmental stewards. These include caring for the environment. Minimizing waste, so that the nominal amounts of natural resources are wastefully used, and trim back dependence on non environmental friendly methods of electrical aptitude, through means of self generating power and purchasing clear(p) clue power. Conservatively using the rocky mountain water resources. maximise conservation and efficiency. Increase use of new technologies. To make environmentalism a fun way of doing things and not the hard or costly manner of doing things.New Belgium Brewery is working towards achieving these guidelines through there alternatively empowered efforts. They have niner effo rts that incorporate these guidelines. These include increasing efficiency by using new technologies such as Steineckers Merlin, which reuses the energy from the last batch in the conterminous in the form of heat. They try to minimize the use of lighting by taking advantage of three hundred and sixty days of sunshine and the cooling needs are satisfied through evaporative cooling rather than electricity guzzling compressors. They also use wastewater discussion to reduce load on environment and get by products. This process also provides them with a source of electricity. By making environmental decisions only with the consensus of the employees they ensure that nobody feels they are being forced to do something that they do not want to. (New Belgium Brewery, 2010)In the subsection entitled Alternatively authorise Efforts, Choose two of the efforts and discuss how they fit into overall sustainability mandate of the company as outlined in the 2007 sustainability reports Letters f rom the Sustainability Director.One of the most important meanss discussed in the directors letter is that though they claimed that the energy used by them is speed of light% wind generated it is instead less than half and this will change through their efforts. The two efforts most closely linked to this mandate are the adjacentOn-Site Energy ProductionAny industry today requires a large amount of electricity to operate and it is next to impossible to get all of it from wind generated sources as they are not so quick available and costly. On-Site Energy production would reduce the demand for electricity from outside sources and thus enable the company to meet more of its energy requirements from wind powered sources. This method of energy production reduces electricity consumption by 15%, thus bringing their level of wind powered sources to more than 50%, which with further improvements could go higher.Wind-Powered Electricity since 1999An important factor is the agreement sig ned with the Colorado authorities in 1998, which meant the company would be supplied as much power as possible through wind generation even though the cost would be more. This agreement allowed the government to put up more wind turbines, thus increasing the power available through wind generated sources, which is another step towards the mandate provided by the director. (Orgolini, 2007)Question 4Do you think New Belgiums focus on environmental responsibility and sustainability in its production process is a major cost or a benefit that enhances the profits of the company?The New Belgium brewery website states that they are profitable not in spite of our social and environmental efforts but because of them (New Belgium Brewery, 2010) the following paper aims to illustrate this statement by describing how their conservation efforts have enhanced the profits and brand image of the company.New Belgium is the terzetto largest regional craft brewery with production steadily increasing since 2005 this success has been achieved while still keeping sustainability and environmental responsibility at the forefront of their strategic planning process. New Belgium has implemented a sustainability management system which brings a structured approach to environmental and conservation efforts. Through accurate hookup and representation of the negative impact there manufacturing process has on the environment New Belgium was able to target specific areas for improvement. New Belgium brewery puts this practice into action by investing in efficient equipment most notably there brew steam boiler the Steinecker Merlin which heats thin sheets of wort rather than the whole kettle and stores steam and vapor thats allows the wort to heat at a quickened pace reducing the amount of primary energy used. New Belgiums energy conservation efforts dont stop there their site claims that the most sustainable watt is the watt never used (New Belgium Brewery, 2010) and theyve introduced var ious initiatives that stress conservation including taking advantage of natural light with light tubes and light shelves, and switching to HVAC evaporative coolers that use much less energy. By designing with conservation in mind new Belgium has increased its efficiency and reduced the energy input needed in their manufacturing process this ultimately translates to a positive increase to their profits and man image. New Belgium also uses a closed loop system by pumping methane gas generated from their waste treatment facility to a 292Kw co-gen engine that produces up to 15% of their energy needs. Though the system had malfunctioned in the past a partnership with Woodward led to the installation of new controls that have led to even greater efficiency. This illustrates another aspect of New Belgiums loading to environmental reasonability by actively seeking out support to optimize their equipment theyve reduced their environmental impact and built lasting and useful relations with various business and government sponsored conservation programs. This can also be seen in New Belgiums appointment of outside consultants when developing there SMS system. In 2010 new Belgium licenced the construction of a solar array on the top of the encase hall, at the time it was the largest private solar array in Colorado and displays New Belgiums innovative attempts to harness sustainable energy. The solar array presently provides over 3% of new Belgiums energy needs and will continue to far into the future. In 1999 the New Belgium employee-owners taked unanimously to switch their purchased energy only if to wind power. Though this included a 2.5cent premium on every watt produced effectively reducing the employee-owners bonus pool the unanimous vote showed that New Belgiums efforts to reduce their carbon foot print had supported from everyone in the company. Even though the switch to wind power reduced profits in the short run the unifying vote and positive make to empl oyee morale ( employees are happier when they feel they have a voice in their workplace) may eventually offset the loss with increased efficiency and employee retention. New Belgiums switch to wind power also had a ripple effect through derived demand allowing Fort Collins Utilities to become the first utilities company in Colorado to offer wind power.In conclusion New Belgiums continued efforts to reduce their carbon foot print and deep commitment to sustainable production has been an overall benefit to the company by fall inputs to their manufacturing process and improving brand image.