Earthquake Resistant Vernacular Architecture | Analysis

quake Resistant buzzword computer architecture AnalysisThe subprogram of Earthquake Resistant Vernacular Architecture in Kashmir Introduction Vernacular architecture is the response from a connection or a gathering of persons penurys in regards to the built env press outment development locally accessible resources. It is tailored to the climatic, geographic, sociological and aesthetic needs of specific localities and emulates local traditions. As it usually a participation ground activity without qualified architects, the salute tends to be much unpedigreed and constantly evolving. Rural creates in Kashmir argon intentional by the spate dungeon there and thus reflect the local cultural heritage as well as the strength of the residential area itself. In general, buildings in Kashmir pee relied entirely on fluff, bricks, stone and woodwind instrument for a wide time. In recent times, non-local materials micturate come more available for the communities living in Kashmir, curiously more prosperous component parts1. at a dismay placecoat In arrive atation Indian-administered Kashmir includes Jammu and Kashmir sharing a border with China, in the north and east. Pakistan-administered Kashmir terrorities atomic bod 18 Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltisan which argon part of the great Kashmir constituent. The Kashmir region is on the northern borders of India and Pakistan and the southwest border of China. Gilgit-Baltisan is the northern some region of Pakistan-administered Pakistan, bordering Azad Kashmir in the south. The irregular topography accounts for the magnetic variation in temperature and is astronomically regulated by the Himalayas, surrounding mountainous and piddle occupying regions. disrespect this, Kashmir has still got four distinct seasons with the superiorest temperatures reaching all all over 30C and the winter temperatures as low as -4C during the nights with snowfall. The mode is known to milder than other s urrounding regions to the relatively low altitude2. The soil prime in Kashmir is described as clayey, loamy rich and light with alluvial origin. Alluvial soils argon known to be more vulnerable to prime failure when seismic vibrations take place. Softer soils are ensnare in Srinagar and crossways the Valley of Kashmir and they fag contri moreovere to making an seism go away keen-sighteder3. The parsimoniousness of the area firmly relies on agriculture with 60% of the area relying on irrigation for major crops much(prenominal)(prenominal) as rice, maize and wheat. There are faint forests that can be divided into both zones (Sub-Himalayan and Himalayan) providing an invaluable source for lumber in turn4.Earthquake RiskThe Himalayas itself baffle been created by the collision of two tectonic plates, making it one of the worlds intimately temblor prone zones. The Kashmir region is a seismically active experiencing several quakes in the Valley of Kashmir throughout hist ory. The saltation of the Indian tectonic plate is colliding with the stationary Eurasian plate creating areas of high gear stress. Studies show that the Indian tectonic plate moves at 1.8cm a yr beneath the Himalayan tectonic plate. Between 1904-2015, there impart been 102 earthquakes preserve at this region and there are records dating back to the fifteenth Century detailing severe earthquakes4. The built environment around Kashmir has changed to table service minimise the impact of these earthquakes Initiatives such as the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) collaboration with India in 2006 after(prenominal) the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake have urged for the preservation of argot buildings but excessively to discuss alternatives in earthquake-resistant buildings with world-renowned international experts5.Evolution of Vernacular Buildings almost of the buildings in the Kashmiri area are constructed beca implement of the communitys adapt ation to living in a disaster-prone area. Many towns and villages in Kashmir are found on flabby soils or on former prehistoric lakes, thusly it is essential to have characteristic to date simple residential ho roles. For example, in places with soft water-laden soils, the ontogeny of wood-laced construction is a necessity for structural survival in the long term. These buildings tend to lean and tilt slightly with little rigidity. For a long time, the heating and cooking carcasss of these houses has remained intact. Wood-burning stoves were and still are do from easily sourced bog down and a copper vessel embedded into the masonry wall to heat up the water. Due to genuinely little additional expenditure, stoves make from galvanized iron sheets have become more popular. Timber-laced masonry construction systems in Kashmir date back to the twelfth century, however it was only in the set outning of the 19th century that these systems smash into two main traditional construct ion styles taq and Dhajji dewari. There has been other earthquake resistant vernacular constructions found in Kashmir after the 2005 earthquake, such as balconies resting on wooden joists, well-designed trusses and ceilings with joists that rested on the wooden built bands outspread across walls. There are variations of these styles that are found in heavily mountainous areas where soft soils are non a problem.6 Therefore, the major factors that controlled vernacular architecture are access to good soil for brick-making, to water and to forest, as well as earthquake resistance.Taq (bhatar) buildingsTaq buildings are a traditional form of Kashmiri construction and are known for their resistance against earthquakes. The taq system involves load-bearing(prenominal) masonry walls with horizontal characters embedded in them. The unreinforced masonry is low-strength which is known as masonry laid in slaked lime-sand or mud mortar. The masonry piers are tied unitedly in a ladder-lik e format by the timber beams in each floor and windowpane level. The symmetrical positioning of windows in a characteristic feature of taqs and is where the fall upon originates from. These timbers resist earthquake collapse by allowing movement of the masonry and the confinement of the brick mud or rubble stone of the wall. The timbers allow an increase in ductileness when absorbing the zip fastener released from an earthquake. The full weight of the masonry can be pose on the timber allowing the structure to be held in place. These buildings have comme il faut flexibility to sway in an event of an earthquake. However, the materials in taq are not individually ductile and dont typically exhibit plastic behaviour nether stress. Although, since it works as a system, the behaviour that shows this form of flexibility is because of the energy dissipation from the friction between the timbers and the masonry. This friction only occurs when the masonry has been consisted of mortar m ade from low-strength mud or lime. The Kashmiri house size measurements is defined by the number of window bays, for example, a 5 taq house is five window bays wide. All materials that allow flexibility are easily sourced in Kashmir yet these naturally occurring materials tend not to be warm enough to depart rigidity to the buildings. These ancient taq buildings originally possessed structural and traditional Kashmiri patterns and designs, and held a cultural significance amongst communities7. There has been an area of debate amongst engineers in introducing modern elements to taq buildings, however these have proved to be incompatible. For example, using leaf blade reinforcement inside the walls however the rusting of make when iron converts to iron oxide results in an expansion and thus, the force of this has a negative impact on corresponding materials by breaking them, e.g. the masonry. In addition to this, using steel rods and other incompatible methods such as welding, req uires more skill as it is more advance2.Dhajji dewariThe Dhajji dewari buildings is a mixture of timber and masonry construction that is in like manner found in non-earthquake zones. Dhajji dewari is a Persian term meaning a farrago quilt wall. The walls are lighter and thinner and are made of timber framing with infills of brick or sometimes stone masonry. The wall is usually one-half brick thick and then mostly made of timber and masonry. The infil is commonly brick that is made from fired or unfired clay, or rubble stone in more mountainous regions. The vertical and horizontal cage that is formed by the timber frame allows chance event movement against sheer stress. Timber studs are use to subdivide the infill which help resist the progressive destruction of the wall and of diagonal shear cracks. The buildings are usually found in flat terrain and are detached. They are found in more rural areas since urban areas of Kashmir (e.g. Mirpur, Azad Kashmir) use modern materials such as cement and steel in present tense time. These materials are affordable to areas where there are less agricultural found jobs, and more industrial based employment. Dhajji buildings in urban areas can as well as be up to four stories high and more extravagant. In general, Dhajji buildings are mostly found in the western Himalayas in both the Pakistan and Indian-administered sectors of Kashmir. This construction type has been used for over 200 geezerhood due to the speed, cost and availability of the resources required to produce these structures. The skill required is not exhaustive for the labour involved and in fact, easier to repair than to make a naked as a jaybird house. Dhajji buildings tend to perform better after earthquakes than the original taq buildings, however it cannot be a choice for everyone in the region due to economic means. Despite the locally sourced timber, the judicious use of it in taq and Dhajji buildings means that over the age it has become more in demand, especially post-earthquake times. Towards the 21st century, several people would construct in reinforced cover however the disadvantages included the unforesightful thermal performance of hollow concrete block construction, this was especially seen in the cold winter seasons. Rich merchants and politicians tend to have very large houses constructed in the Dhajji format and it works as a multi-family housing unit, especially in a region known to have extended families living together. A lot of Dhajji houses are also used for shelter for livestock. tillage and farming are an integral part of Kashmiri society, therefore sheltering animals during an earthquake is essential. It is also difficult for communities to move elsewhere in the region since prop up ownership is the main form of inheritance and records go back to euchre years8. This is another reason why buildings are built upwards on one land plot as well the high engrossment of development in these areas. Ther e is a sense of craftsmanship in making these buildings as simple and reproducible for the community as possible.Cator and cribbageThere are several historic mosques in Srinagar that have apply a cator and cribbage style which is another variation of timber-laced masonry. These structures have also proven to be stable in earthquake-prone regions. The timber-laced masonry is much heavier with a greater use of timber and have been around for approximately 1,000 years. The shoetrees of the building are made of a cribbage of timber with masonry, which connects to the timber belts (cators) running across the walls. These concepts of design come from the Islamic cultural influence from the Middle East, notably in Turkey where it dates back 9,000 years. The walls would usually have religious carvings and signism8.Fig.5 provide and Cribbage techniqueA comparison of Modern Vernacular Architecture with conventional Vernacular Architecture After the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake with a high ma gnitude of 7.6 killed approximately 80,000 people and over 3 million Kashmiris left hand homeless. Despite the government introducing more steel and reinforced construction over the last 20 years, it made little difference to the impact that the earthquake had, infact Dhajji and bhatar construction turned out to be more stable. This result from reinforced concrete has been witnessed in other earthquakes e.g. Ahmedabad in 2001 and Iran in 20038. Survival judge of those trapped under these constructions was higher than those trapped under concrete based buildings. There has been a modernization of cities such as Srinagar involving the replacement of masonry and timber based constructions with reinforced concrete, affecting the aesthetic appeal of the traditional buildings. topical anesthetic traditional design usually involves large windows for the summer seasons, however with concrete houses, central heating during the harsh winters is poor and a large mass of Kashmiris fall into the lower economical class where they cant afford the give the sack to heat up their homes.Due to their flexibility over the years, Taq and Dhajji buildings have showcased that they can survive low to medium Richter Scale earthquakes. Using natural occurring resources such as mud mortar and locally available supplies such as bricks and wood have allowed Kashmiri traditional houses to have a lower level of thermal conductivity than concrete, and thus greater insulation. This is a polar need for those living in Kashmir because although the summers are short, they can be very warm therefore a house without windows is futile. The materials used for these structures is also profitable in the sense that they were recyclable, and it was easier to re-build or reuse the materials for another purpose after an earthquake. This is much more difficult for a concrete building. There are more problems left for the residents after a concrete house has collapsed, such as the removal of debris an d rescuing survivors. However there has been strain on the timber supplies due to the deforestation rate increasing as the number of earthquakes and universe increase. This has led to a larger number of cement plants in Kashmir. Although, high-strength cement-based mortar is now a generic material recommended by most engineers for building on earthquake areas, but Kashmir which experiences considerably larger earthquakes, the mortar ceases to make a beneficial difference once the walls of the building begin cracking. With timber-based masonry, the low strength mortar is used to hold the bricks apart, rather than together allowing the dissipation of the earthquakes energy to other units of the structure. Therefore, internal damping is an area that differs between both kinds of buildings. In addition to these construction problems, many people in the region are more likely to have poor construction commit (due to the more complicated procedures and skills) such as poor mixing or inad equate hydration of concrete which increases the likelihood of a collapse.Tourism has also become an economically beneficial industry in the Kashmir regions providing saucily employment for its communities, therefore the need to keep its natural attractions is crucial. Prices of timber have increased over the years in addition and the cost to maintain wood structures has deterred many residents. Overall, the need for modernization and emulating westernization standards of housing has shifted what the communities want, rather than need. Taq and Dhajji dewari have become a symbol of the old times and the prevalence of architecture as a job has helped create this shift. International architects and engineers have introduced new ideas and concepts to an area that has little relation to other places in the world, due to its unique geography and climate. The consequences of the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake have caused a detachment from traditional architecture, despite the uniqueness and t he performance of it under previous natural disasters.Using Vernacular border ones in Modern propagation Yasmeen Lari One architect that has adopted a vernacular approach in the Kashmir regions is Yasmeen Lari. Lari is Pakistans first female architect. She has been known to be an advocate for the preservation of historical and cultural Pakistani sites. Like others in Kashmir, she has a keen interest in maintaining cultural heritage yet also having a modern perspective. She has built 45,000 structures since 2010 withstanding earthquakes and even flash floods. Lari has also created the Heritage Foundation of Pakistan employing architecture students to teach and train the local community to build more sustainable homes. The foundation aims to increase the involvement of women in rebuilding their homes after natural disasters. Previously, male family members would be part of the community activity of rebuilding and restoration due to cultural reasons. Her technique involves using mud, bamboo, lime and mix lime with mud to create a strong foundation for buildings. The pillars of the houses consist of bamboo roofs, the walls are made from a mixture of mud, lime and other locally sourced material. The rood is known as the Karavan roof, whereby the bamboo can last for 25 years when covered with straw matting, and to make it waterproof a layer of tarpaulin and pozzolana is added. The sizes of the houses range from a single room to a larger room suitable for 5 people, kitchen, bathroom and verandah. After 3 years, it was found that these houses were still standing and in good condition. The reluctance to use cement, steel and burnt bricks for her was since these high-cost materials dont work as efficiently under a disaster situation. It also provides help to communities that arent as economically stable as others in Kashmir (e.g. Mirpur in Pakistan has a large British Pakistani population allowing greater expenditure on buildings) and are not in privilege of modernis ation. The idea behind Laris concept is the same that has been used in Kashmir for years before modernisation occurred, it basically ensures that buildings are simple enough to be rebuilt by inhabitants when in need. The importance of local involvement has been witnessed in the building of Taq and Dhajji Dewari buildings. Laris main objective is to enhance the focus on heritage methodology and learn from the past and advocate zero-cost and zero-carbon solutions9.Conclusion In current times, the Dhajji dewari system is still being used in and adapted in places such as Srinagar, although the principles are the same, new additions such as mud multiform with straw for brick infill are being explored. However, the shift to reinforced concrete buildings is detectable and has left some taq and Dhajji buildings out of fashion. The combination of vernacular techniques and methods with modern materials and technology are slowly being advocated by groups such as UNESCO. Taq and Dhajji dewa ri systems have become a symbol of continuity and tradition. The idea of improving the prize of life by modernization has overshadowed the need for traditional timber-based masonry buildings in an exceedingly earthquake zone. The evolution of earthquake resistance buildings in Kashmir has been rushed to the most generic and common answer (reinforced cement construction), but the disadvantages of this have been witnessed by communities, especially poorer communities. Older designs tend to complement the climate and the resources available to a higher degree but reverting completely back to them is not ideal. There is general rediscovery of the advantages of old fashioned methods by the government too and a conscious shift to a pre-modern Kashmir but with also new building science.ReferencesVernacular Architecture By Henry Glassie pg 12 vitality in Harmony with the Four Elements 12-14 December 2010 Earthquake Resistant Traditional Construction is Not an Oxymoron* The Resilience of Timber and Masonry Structures in the Himalayan country and Beyond, and its Relevance to Heritage Preservation in Bhutan By Randolph LangenbachAuerbachs Wilderness medication By Paul S. Auerbach, Tracy A Cushing, N. Stuart Harris pg 1926History of Natural Disasters in Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir with especial(a) Reference to Earthquakes Sidrat Ul Muntaha AneesM. Sultan Bhat Dont Tear it DownText and Photographs by Randolph Langenbach Preserving the Earthquake Resistant Vernacular Architecture of KashmirBOOK EXCERPTShowing Forword, (2) pages 59-61 Section 3.6.2 corner vertical rebar in taq timber-laced masonry bearing wall constructionand definition of taq and dhajji dewari construction. FROMOrig inal publication InfoProduced by UNESCOCultures and Disasters Understanding Cultural Framings in Disaster Risk edited by Fred Krger, Greg Bankoff, Terry Cannon, Benedikt Orlowski, E. Lisa F. Schipper pg 65Traditional Earthquake Resistant body Kashmir Mohd Akeeb Dar Sajad Ahmad Hazard s and the Built Environment Attaining Built-in Resilience International Journal of cultured and Structural Engineering Research ISSN 2348-7607 (Online) Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp (86-92), Month October 2014 March 2015, accessible at www.researchpublish.comBuilding of a disaster By Shahnawaz Khan Srinagar, July 3, 2014http//www.tabletwoproductions.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Yasmeen-Lari.pdf